List of Tables
Table 1. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 7. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 8. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 11. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 12. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 15. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit as of 2024)
Table 16. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 17. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 18. Key Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 19. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 20. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 21. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 22. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 23. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 27. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 28. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 30. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 31. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 34. Top Customers by Region
Table 35. Top Customers by Application
Table 36. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 37. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 38. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 39. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 41. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 43. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 44. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 45. Southeast Asia Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 47. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 48. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 49. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 50. Langfeng Biotech Corporation Information
Table 51. Langfeng Biotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 52. Langfeng Biotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 53. Langfeng Biotech Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 54. Langfeng Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 55. Langfeng Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 56. Langfeng Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 57. Langfeng Biotech Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit SWOT Analysis
Table 58. Langfeng Biotech Recent Developments
Table 59. Mesai Biotech Corporation Information
Table 60. Mesai Biotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 61. Mesai Biotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 62. Mesai Biotech Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 63. Mesai Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 64. Mesai Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 65. Mesai Biotech Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 66. Mesai Biotech Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit SWOT Analysis
Table 67. Mesai Biotech Recent Developments
Table 68. Coring Corporation Information
Table 69. Coring Description and Major Businesses
Table 70. Coring Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 71. Coring Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 72. Coring Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 73. Coring Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 74. Coring Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 75. Coring Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit SWOT Analysis
Table 76. Coring Recent Developments
Table 77. Bluestar Forensic Corporation Information
Table 78. Bluestar Forensic Description and Major Businesses
Table 79. Bluestar Forensic Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 80. Bluestar Forensic Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 81. Bluestar Forensic Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 82. Bluestar Forensic Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 83. Bluestar Forensic Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 84. Bluestar Forensic Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit SWOT Analysis
Table 85. Bluestar Forensic Recent Developments
Table 86. Independent Forensics Corporation Information
Table 87. Independent Forensics Description and Major Businesses
Table 88. Independent Forensics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 89. Independent Forensics Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 90. Independent Forensics Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 91. Independent Forensics Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 92. Independent Forensics Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 93. Independent Forensics Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit SWOT Analysis
Table 94. Independent Forensics Recent Developments
Table 95. Thomas Scientific Corporation Information
Table 96. Thomas Scientific Description and Major Businesses
Table 97. Thomas Scientific Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 98. Thomas Scientific Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 99. Thomas Scientific Recent Developments
Table 100. Abacus Diagnostics Corporation Information
Table 101. Abacus Diagnostics Description and Major Businesses
Table 102. Abacus Diagnostics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 103. Abacus Diagnostics Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 104. Abacus Diagnostics Recent Developments
Table 105. Abcam Corporation Information
Table 106. Abcam Description and Major Businesses
Table 107. Abcam Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 108. Abcam Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 109. Abcam Recent Developments
Table 110. SERATEC PSA Semiquant Corporation Information
Table 111. SERATEC PSA Semiquant Description and Major Businesses
Table 112. SERATEC PSA Semiquant Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 113. SERATEC PSA Semiquant Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 114. SERATEC PSA Semiquant Recent Developments
Table 115. Antu Biotech Corporation Information
Table 116. Antu Biotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 117. Antu Biotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 118. Antu Biotech Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 119. Antu Biotech Recent Developments
Table 120. Hanbaikang Biotech Corporation Information
Table 121. Hanbaikang Biotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 122. Hanbaikang Biotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 123. Hanbaikang Biotech Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 124. Hanbaikang Biotech Recent Developments
Table 125. Bioscience Biotech Corporation Information
Table 126. Bioscience Biotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 127. Bioscience Biotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 128. Bioscience Biotech Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 129. Bioscience Biotech Recent Developments
Table 130. SonaCare Medical Corporation Information
Table 131. SonaCare Medical Description and Major Businesses
Table 132. SonaCare Medical Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 133. SonaCare Medical Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 134. SonaCare Medical Recent Developments
Table 135. Fujirebio Corporation Information
Table 136. Fujirebio Description and Major Businesses
Table 137. Fujirebio Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 138. Fujirebio Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 139. Fujirebio Recent Developments
Table 140. Boston Scientific Corporation Information
Table 141. Boston Scientific Description and Major Businesses
Table 142. Boston Scientific Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 143. Boston Scientific Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 144. Boston Scientific Recent Developments
Table 145. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Corporation Information
Table 146. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Description and Major Businesses
Table 147. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 148. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 149. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Recent Developments
Table 150. NeoTract Corporation Information
Table 151. NeoTract Description and Major Businesses
Table 152. NeoTract Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 153. NeoTract Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 154. NeoTract Recent Developments
Table 155. Beckman Coulter Corporation Information
Table 156. Beckman Coulter Description and Major Businesses
Table 157. Beckman Coulter Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 158. Beckman Coulter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 159. Beckman Coulter Recent Developments
Table 160. Tosoh Corporation Information
Table 161. Tosoh Description and Major Businesses
Table 162. Tosoh Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 163. Tosoh Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 164. Tosoh Recent Developments
Table 165. Roche Diagnostics Corporation Information
Table 166. Roche Diagnostics Description and Major Businesses
Table 167. Roche Diagnostics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 168. Roche Diagnostics Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 169. Roche Diagnostics Recent Developments
Table 170. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 171. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 172. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 173. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 174. Distributors List
Table 175. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 176. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 177. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 178. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 179. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 180. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Free PSA Product Picture
Figure 4. Total PSA Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Forensic Medicine
Figure 7. Medical Testing
Figure 8. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Report Years Considered
Figure 9. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (K Units)
Figure 15. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 17. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 18. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 19. Free PSA Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 20. Total PSA Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 21. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 24. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 25. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 26. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 28. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 29. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 30. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 31. North America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 32. US Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Canada Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Mexico Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 38. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Europe Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 42. Germany Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. France Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. U.K. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Italy Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Russia Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 50. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 51. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Indonesia Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Japan Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. South Korea Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. China Taiwan Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. India Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 62. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 63. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Central and South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Brazil Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Argentina Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Middle East, and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 69. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 71. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 72. South America Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 73. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 74. Middle East and Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 75. GCC Countries Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Turkey Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Egypt Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. South Africa Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 80. Regional Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 81. Global Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 82. Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Production Process
Figure 83. Regional Human Sperm (PSA) Detection Kit Production Cost Structure
Figure 84. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 85. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 86. Data Triangulation
Figure 87. Key Executives Interviewed