List of Tables
Table 1. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Cloud Based
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Premise Based
Table 4. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 9. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 10. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 12. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 13. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 14. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 15. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 16. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 19. Global Key Players of Hotel Booking Software, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 20. Hotel Booking Software Price by Manufacturers 2019-2024 (USD/Unit)
Table 21. Global Hotel Booking Software Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 22. Global Hotel Booking Software by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hotel Booking Software as of 2023)
Table 23. Global Key Manufacturers of Hotel Booking Software, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 24. Global Key Manufacturers of Hotel Booking Software, Product Offered and Application
Table 25. Global Key Manufacturers of Hotel Booking Software, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 26. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 27. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 28. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 31. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 34. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 35. Hotel Booking Software Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 36. Global Hotel Booking Software Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/Unit)
Table 37. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 38. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 39. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 40. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 41. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 44. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 45. Hotel Booking Software Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 46. Global Hotel Booking Software Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/Unit)
Table 47. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 48. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 49. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 52. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 53. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 54. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 56. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 58. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 59. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 60. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 61. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 62. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 63. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 65. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 66. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 68. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 69. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 72. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 73. China Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 74. China Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 75. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. China Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 78. China Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 79. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 82. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 83. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 84. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 86. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 87. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 93. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 94. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 95. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 96. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 99. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 100. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 106. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 107. innRoad Company Information
Table 108. innRoad Description and Major Businesses
Table 109. innRoad Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 110. innRoad Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. innRoad Recent Developments
Table 112. Hotelogix Company Information
Table 113. Hotelogix Description and Major Businesses
Table 114. Hotelogix Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 115. Hotelogix Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Hotelogix Recent Developments
Table 117. Frontdesk Anywhere Company Information
Table 118. Frontdesk Anywhere Description and Major Businesses
Table 119. Frontdesk Anywhere Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 120. Frontdesk Anywhere Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Frontdesk Anywhere Recent Developments
Table 122. Hotello Company Information
Table 123. Hotello Description and Major Businesses
Table 124. Hotello Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 125. Hotello Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Hotello Recent Developments
Table 127. WebRezPro Company Information
Table 128. WebRezPro Description and Major Businesses
Table 129. WebRezPro Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 130. WebRezPro Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. WebRezPro Recent Developments
Table 132. roomMaster Company Information
Table 133. roomMaster Description and Major Businesses
Table 134. roomMaster Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 135. roomMaster Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. roomMaster Recent Developments
Table 137. RoomKeyPMS Company Information
Table 138. RoomKeyPMS Description and Major Businesses
Table 139. RoomKeyPMS Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 140. RoomKeyPMS Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. RoomKeyPMS Recent Developments
Table 142. Cloudbeds Company Information
Table 143. Cloudbeds Description and Major Businesses
Table 144. Cloudbeds Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 145. Cloudbeds Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. Cloudbeds Recent Developments
Table 147. GuestPoint Company Information
Table 148. GuestPoint Description and Major Businesses
Table 149. GuestPoint Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 150. GuestPoint Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 151. GuestPoint Recent Developments
Table 152. RMS Company Information
Table 153. RMS Description and Major Businesses
Table 154. RMS Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 155. RMS Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 156. RMS Recent Developments
Table 157. RDP Company Information
Table 158. RDP Description and Major Businesses
Table 159. RDP Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 160. RDP Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 161. RDP Recent Developments
Table 162. Maestro PMS Company Information
Table 163. Maestro PMS Description and Major Businesses
Table 164. Maestro PMS Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 165. Maestro PMS Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 166. Maestro PMS Recent Developments
Table 167. Skyware Company Information
Table 168. Skyware Description and Major Businesses
Table 169. Skyware Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 170. Skyware Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 171. Skyware Recent Developments
Table 172. ResNexus Company Information
Table 173. ResNexus Description and Major Businesses
Table 174. ResNexus Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 175. ResNexus Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 176. ResNexus Recent Developments
Table 177. Lodgify Company Information
Table 178. Lodgify Description and Major Businesses
Table 179. Lodgify Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 180. Lodgify Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 181. Lodgify Recent Developments
Table 182. eZee Technosys Company Information
Table 183. eZee Technosys Description and Major Businesses
Table 184. eZee Technosys Hotel Booking Software Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 185. eZee Technosys Hotel Booking Software Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 186. eZee Technosys Recent Developments
Table 187. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 188. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 189. Hotel Booking Software Distributors List
Table 190. Hotel Booking Software Customers List
Table 191. Hotel Booking Software Market Trends
Table 192. Hotel Booking Software Market Drivers
Table 193. Hotel Booking Software Market Challenges
Table 194. Hotel Booking Software Market Restraints
Table 195. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 196. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 197. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Hotel Booking Software Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2030
Figure 4. Cloud Based Product Picture
Figure 5. Premise Based Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2030
Figure 8. Personal
Figure 9. Commercial
Figure 10. Hotel Booking Software Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue 2019-2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 14. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales 2019-2030 ((K Units)
Figure 16. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 17. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 18. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 20. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. China Hotel Booking Software Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 22. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Asia (excluding China) Hotel Booking Software Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 24. Asia (excluding China) Hotel Booking Software Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 26. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. The Hotel Booking Software Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2023
Figure 28. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of Hotel Booking Software in the World: Market Share by Hotel Booking Software Revenue in 2023
Figure 29. Global Hotel Booking Software Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 30. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 31. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Global Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Global Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 34. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 35. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 36. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 37. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 38. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 39. US & Canada Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 40. U.S. Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Canada Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 43. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 44. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 45. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 46. Europe Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Europe Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 48. Germany Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. France Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. U.K. Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Italy Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Russia Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. China Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 54. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 55. China Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 56. China Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Asia Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Japan Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 64. South Korea Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. China Taiwan Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. Southeast Asia Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. India Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 69. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 70. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 71. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Hotel Booking Software Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 74. Brazil Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Mexico Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Turkey Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Israel Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. GCC Countries Hotel Booking Software Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Hotel Booking Software Value Chain
Figure 80. Hotel Booking Software Production Process
Figure 81. Channels of Distribution
Figure 82. Distributors Profiles
Figure 83. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 84. Data Triangulation
Figure 85. Key Executives Interviewed