List of Tables
Table 1. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 5. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Average Price by Manufacturers (K USD/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 22. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Average Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Average Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 29. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 30. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 32. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 34. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 35. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 36. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 37. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 38. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 45. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Jet Pulverizer Company High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 66. Jet Pulverizer Company High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 67. Jet Pulverizer Company High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Jet Pulverizer Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Jet Pulverizer Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Hosakawa-Alpine High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 71. Hosakawa-Alpine High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 72. Hosakawa-Alpine High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Hosakawa-Alpine Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Hosakawa-Alpine Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Dijet High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 76. Dijet High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 77. Dijet High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Dijet Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Dijet Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Glen Mills High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 81. Glen Mills High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 82. Glen Mills High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Glen Mills Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Glen Mills Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. NETZSCH High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 86. NETZSCH High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 87. NETZSCH High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. NETZSCH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. NETZSCH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. UNAQUE High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 91. UNAQUE High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 92. UNAQUE High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. UNAQUE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. UNAQUE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Emco Engineering High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 96. Emco Engineering High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 97. Emco Engineering High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Emco Engineering Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Emco Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 101. Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 102. Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Juzi Power Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 106. Juzi Power Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 107. Juzi Power Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Juzi Power Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Juzi Power Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Sturtevant High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 111. Sturtevant High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 112. Sturtevant High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Sturtevant Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Sturtevant Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. JSDL High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 116. JSDL High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 117. JSDL High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. JSDL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. JSDL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. International Process Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 121. International Process Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 122. International Process Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. International Process Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. International Process Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. ALPA Powder Technology High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 126. ALPA Powder Technology High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 127. ALPA Powder Technology High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. ALPA Powder Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. ALPA Powder Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Kogaion Com High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 131. Kogaion Com High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 132. Kogaion Com High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Kogaion Com Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Kogaion Com Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Higao Tech High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 136. Higao Tech High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 137. Higao Tech High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Higao Tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Higao Tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Mianyang Liuneng Powder Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 141. Mianyang Liuneng Powder Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 142. Mianyang Liuneng Powder Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Mianyang Liuneng Powder Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Mianyang Liuneng Powder Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Weifang Pengcheng Supermicro Pulverizing Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 146. Weifang Pengcheng Supermicro Pulverizing Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 147. Weifang Pengcheng Supermicro Pulverizing Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Weifang Pengcheng Supermicro Pulverizing Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Weifang Pengcheng Supermicro Pulverizing Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Zhengyuan Powder Engineering Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Company Information
Table 151. Zhengyuan Powder Engineering Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Specification and Application
Table 152. Zhengyuan Powder Engineering Equipment High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Zhengyuan Powder Engineering Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Zhengyuan Powder Engineering Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 156. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 157. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Distributors List
Table 158. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Customers List
Table 159. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Trends
Table 160. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Drivers
Table 161. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Challenges
Table 162. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Restraints
Table 163. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 164. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 165. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 166. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine
Figure 2. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Fluidized Bed Jet Pulverization Product Picture
Figure 5. Spiral Jet Pulverization Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Chemical Industry
Figure 10. Medical and Health Care
Figure 11. Mining
Figure 12. Food Industry
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Capacity (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Average Price (K USD/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Report Years Considered
Figure 20. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 27. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 33. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 35. North America High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 37. Canada High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 38. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. Europe High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 41. France High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 42. U.K. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 43. Italy High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. Japan High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. South Korea High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 52. India High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 56. Brazil High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 57. Turkey High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 58. GCC Countries High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Price (K USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. High Pressure Fluid Energy Grinding Machine Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation