Global Online Comic Platform Market Research Report 2023

The global Online Comic Platform market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2029, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2023-2029. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.

North American market for Online Comic Platform is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

Asia-Pacific market for Online Comic Platform is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

The global market for Online Comic Platform in Personal is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

The key global companies of Online Comic Platform include Amazon, Bilibili Manga, Comic Book Plus, CONtv, DC, Digital Comic Museum, Drive Thru Comics, Elf quest and eManga, etc. In 2022, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Online Comic Platform, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Online Comic Platform.

The Online Comic Platform market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of and revenue ($ millions), considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Online Comic Platform market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application, and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

The report will help the Online Comic Platform companies, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Global Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

1.2.2 Dynamic Comics

1.2.3 Static Comics

1.3 Market by Application

1.3.1 Global Online Comic Platform Market Growth by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

1.3.2 Personal

1.3.3 Educational

1.3.4 Enterprise

1.3.5 Others

1.4 Study Objectives

1.5 Years Considered

1.6 Years Considered

2.1 Global Online Comic Platform Market Perspective (2018-2029)

2.2 Online Comic Platform Growth Trends by Region

2.2.1 Global Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

2.2.2 Online Comic Platform Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)

2.2.3 Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029)

2.3 Online Comic Platform Market Dynamics

2.3.1 Online Comic Platform Industry Trends

2.3.2 Online Comic Platform Market Drivers

2.3.3 Online Comic Platform Market Challenges

2.3.4 Online Comic Platform Market Restraints

3.1 Global Top Online Comic Platform Players by Revenue

3.1.1 Global Top Online Comic Platform Players by Revenue (2018-2023)

3.1.2 Global Online Comic Platform Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)

3.2 Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Online Comic Platform Revenue

3.4 Global Online Comic Platform Market Concentration Ratio

3.4.1 Global Online Comic Platform Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Online Comic Platform Revenue in 2022

3.5 Online Comic Platform Key Players Head office and Area Served

3.6 Key Players Online Comic Platform Product Solution and Service

3.7 Date of Enter into Online Comic Platform Market

3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4.1 Global Online Comic Platform Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)

4.2 Global Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)

5.1 Global Online Comic Platform Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)

5.2 Global Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)

6.1 North America Online Comic Platform Market Size (2018-2029)

6.2 North America Online Comic Platform Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

6.3 North America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

6.4 North America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

6.5 United States

6.6 Canada

7.1 Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size (2018-2029)

7.2 Europe Online Comic Platform Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

7.3 Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

7.4 Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

7.5 Germany

7.6 France

7.7 U.K.

7.8 Italy

7.9 Russia

7.10 Nordic Countries

8.1 Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size (2018-2029)

8.2 Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

8.3 Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (2018-2023)

8.4 Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (2024-2029)

8.5 China

8.6 Japan

8.7 South Korea

8.8 Southeast Asia

8.9 India

8.10 Australia

9.1 Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size (2018-2029)

9.2 Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

9.3 Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

9.4 Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

9.5 Mexico

9.6 Brazil

10.1 Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size (2018-2029)

10.2 Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

10.3 Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

10.4 Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

10.5 Turkey

10.6 Saudi Arabia

10.7 UAE

11.1 Amazon

11.1.1 Amazon Company Detail

11.1.2 Amazon Business Overview

11.1.3 Amazon Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.1.4 Amazon Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.1.5 Amazon Recent Development

11.2 Bilibili Manga

11.2.1 Bilibili Manga Company Detail

11.2.2 Bilibili Manga Business Overview

11.2.3 Bilibili Manga Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.2.4 Bilibili Manga Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.2.5 Bilibili Manga Recent Development

11.3 Comic Book Plus

11.3.1 Comic Book Plus Company Detail

11.3.2 Comic Book Plus Business Overview

11.3.3 Comic Book Plus Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.3.4 Comic Book Plus Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.3.5 Comic Book Plus Recent Development

11.4 CONtv

11.4.1 CONtv Company Detail

11.4.2 CONtv Business Overview

11.4.3 CONtv Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.4.4 CONtv Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.4.5 CONtv Recent Development

11.5 DC

11.5.1 DC Company Detail

11.5.2 DC Business Overview

11.5.3 DC Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.5.4 DC Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.5.5 DC Recent Development

11.6 Digital Comic Museum

11.6.1 Digital Comic Museum Company Detail

11.6.2 Digital Comic Museum Business Overview

11.6.3 Digital Comic Museum Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.6.4 Digital Comic Museum Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.6.5 Digital Comic Museum Recent Development

11.7 Drive Thru Comics

11.7.1 Drive Thru Comics Company Detail

11.7.2 Drive Thru Comics Business Overview

11.7.3 Drive Thru Comics Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.7.4 Drive Thru Comics Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.7.5 Drive Thru Comics Recent Development

11.8 Elf quest

11.8.1 Elf quest Company Detail

11.8.2 Elf quest Business Overview

11.8.3 Elf quest Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.8.4 Elf quest Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.8.5 Elf quest Recent Development

11.9 eManga

11.9.1 eManga Company Detail

11.9.2 eManga Business Overview

11.9.3 eManga Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.9.4 eManga Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.9.5 eManga Recent Development

11.10 GoComics

11.10.1 GoComics Company Detail

11.10.2 GoComics Business Overview

11.10.3 GoComics Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.10.4 GoComics Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.10.5 GoComics Recent Development

11.11 iconology

11.11.1 iconology Company Detail

11.11.2 iconology Business Overview

11.11.3 iconology Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.11.4 iconology Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.11.5 iconology Recent Development

11.12 Internet Archive

11.12.1 Internet Archive Company Detail

11.12.2 Internet Archive Business Overview

11.12.3 Internet Archive Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.12.4 Internet Archive Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.12.5 Internet Archive Recent Development

11.13 Marvel Unlimited

11.13.1 Marvel Unlimited Company Detail

11.13.2 Marvel Unlimited Business Overview

11.13.3 Marvel Unlimited Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.13.4 Marvel Unlimited Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.13.5 Marvel Unlimited Recent Development

11.14 WebToons

11.14.1 WebToons Company Detail

11.14.2 WebToons Business Overview

11.14.3 WebToons Online Comic Platform Introduction

11.14.4 WebToons Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

11.14.5 WebToons Recent Development

13.1 Research Methodology

13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.2 Data Source

13.2 Disclaimer

13.3 Author Details

List of Tables

    Table 1. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 2. Key Players of Dynamic Comics

    Table 3. Key Players of Static Comics

    Table 4. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 5. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 6. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 7. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

    Table 8. Global Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 9. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Region (2024-2029)

    Table 10. Online Comic Platform Market Trends

    Table 11. Online Comic Platform Market Drivers

    Table 12. Online Comic Platform Market Challenges

    Table 13. Online Comic Platform Market Restraints

    Table 14. Global Online Comic Platform Revenue by Players (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 15. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Players (2018-2023)

    Table 16. Global Top Online Comic Platform Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Online Comic Platform as of 2022)

    Table 17. Ranking of Global Top Online Comic Platform Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2022

    Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Online Comic Platform Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2018-2023)

    Table 19. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served

    Table 20. Key Players Online Comic Platform Product Solution and Service

    Table 21. Date of Enter into Online Comic Platform Market

    Table 22. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

    Table 23. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 24. Global Online Comic Platform Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

    Table 25. Global Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 26. Global Online Comic Platform Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)

    Table 27. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 28. Global Online Comic Platform Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)

    Table 29. Global Online Comic Platform Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 30. Global Online Comic Platform Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)

    Table 31. North America Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 32. North America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 33. North America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 34. Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 35. Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 36. Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 37. Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 38. Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 39. Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 40. Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 41. Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 42. Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 43. Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 44. Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 45. Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 46. Amazon Company Detail

    Table 47. Amazon Business Overview

    Table 48. Amazon Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 49. Amazon Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 50. Amazon Recent Development

    Table 51. Bilibili Manga Company Detail

    Table 52. Bilibili Manga Business Overview

    Table 53. Bilibili Manga Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 54. Bilibili Manga Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 55. Bilibili Manga Recent Development

    Table 56. Comic Book Plus Company Detail

    Table 57. Comic Book Plus Business Overview

    Table 58. Comic Book Plus Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 59. Comic Book Plus Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 60. Comic Book Plus Recent Development

    Table 61. CONtv Company Detail

    Table 62. CONtv Business Overview

    Table 63. CONtv Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 64. CONtv Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 65. CONtv Recent Development

    Table 66. DC Company Detail

    Table 67. DC Business Overview

    Table 68. DC Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 69. DC Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 70. DC Recent Development

    Table 71. Digital Comic Museum Company Detail

    Table 72. Digital Comic Museum Business Overview

    Table 73. Digital Comic Museum Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 74. Digital Comic Museum Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 75. Digital Comic Museum Recent Development

    Table 76. Drive Thru Comics Company Detail

    Table 77. Drive Thru Comics Business Overview

    Table 78. Drive Thru Comics Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 79. Drive Thru Comics Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 80. Drive Thru Comics Recent Development

    Table 81. Elf quest Company Detail

    Table 82. Elf quest Business Overview

    Table 83. Elf quest Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 84. Elf quest Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 85. Elf quest Recent Development

    Table 86. eManga Company Detail

    Table 87. eManga Business Overview

    Table 88. eManga Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 89. eManga Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 90. eManga Recent Development

    Table 91. GoComics Company Detail

    Table 92. GoComics Business Overview

    Table 93. GoComics Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 94. GoComics Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 95. GoComics Recent Development

    Table 96. iconology Company Detail

    Table 97. iconology Business Overview

    Table 98. iconology Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 99. iconology Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 100. iconology Recent Development

    Table 101. Internet Archive Company Detail

    Table 102. Internet Archive Business Overview

    Table 103. Internet Archive Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 104. Internet Archive Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 105. Internet Archive Recent Development

    Table 106. Marvel Unlimited Company Detail

    Table 107. Marvel Unlimited Business Overview

    Table 108. Marvel Unlimited Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 109. Marvel Unlimited Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 110. Marvel Unlimited Recent Development

    Table 111. WebToons Company Detail

    Table 112. WebToons Business Overview

    Table 113. WebToons Online Comic Platform Product

    Table 114. WebToons Revenue in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 115. WebToons Recent Development

    Table 116. Research Programs/Design for This Report

    Table 117. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

    Table 118. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List of Figures

    Figure 1. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size Comparison by Type (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 2. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 3. Dynamic Comics Features

    Figure 4. Static Comics Features

    Figure 5. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size Comparison by Application (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 6. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 7. Personal Case Studies

    Figure 8. Educational Case Studies

    Figure 9. Enterprise Case Studies

    Figure 10. Others Case Studies

    Figure 11. Online Comic Platform Report Years Considered

    Figure 12. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2018-2029

    Figure 13. Global Online Comic Platform Market Size, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 14. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Region: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 15. Global Online Comic Platform Market Share by Players in 2022

    Figure 16. Global Top Online Comic Platform Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Online Comic Platform as of 2022)

    Figure 17. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Online Comic Platform Revenue in 2022

    Figure 18. North America Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 19. North America Online Comic Platform Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 20. United States Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 21. Canada Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 22. Europe Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 23. Europe Online Comic Platform Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 24. Germany Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 25. France Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 26. U.K. Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 27. Italy Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 28. Russia Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 29. Nordic Countries Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 30. Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Online Comic Platform Market Share by Region (2018-2029)

    Figure 32. China Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 33. Japan Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 34. South Korea Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 35. Southeast Asia Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 36. India Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 37. Australia Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 38. Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 39. Latin America Online Comic Platform Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 40. Mexico Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 41. Brazil Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Online Comic Platform Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 44. Turkey Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 45. Saudi Arabia Online Comic Platform Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 46. Amazon Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 47. Bilibili Manga Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 48. Comic Book Plus Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 49. CONtv Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 50. DC Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 51. Digital Comic Museum Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 52. Drive Thru Comics Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 53. Elf quest Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 54. eManga Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 55. GoComics Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 56. iconology Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 57. Internet Archive Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 58. Marvel Unlimited Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 59. WebToons Revenue Growth Rate in Online Comic Platform Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 60. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

    Figure 61. Data Triangulation

    Figure 62. Key Executives Interviewed