List of Tables
Table 1. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Commercial Door Opener Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Commercial Door Opener, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Commercial Door Opener as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Commercial Door Opener Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Door Opener, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Door Opener, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Commercial Door Opener, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Commercial Door Opener Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Commercial Door Opener Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Commercial Door Opener Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Commercial Door Opener Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Commercial Door Opener Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Commercial Door Opener Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Commercial Door Opener Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Door Opener Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Chamberlain Group Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 66. Chamberlain Group Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 67. Chamberlain Group Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Chamberlain Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Chamberlain Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Overhead Door Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 71. Overhead Door Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 72. Overhead Door Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Overhead Door Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Overhead Door Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Raynor Garage Doors Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 76. Raynor Garage Doors Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 77. Raynor Garage Doors Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Raynor Garage Doors Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Raynor Garage Doors Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Foshan Foresee Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 81. Foshan Foresee Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 82. Foshan Foresee Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Foshan Foresee Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Foshan Foresee Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. SOMMER Antriebs- und Funktechnik GmbH Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 86. SOMMER Antriebs- und Funktechnik GmbH Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 87. SOMMER Antriebs- und Funktechnik GmbH Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. SOMMER Antriebs- und Funktechnik GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. SOMMER Antriebs- und Funktechnik GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Nice SpA Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 91. Nice SpA Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 92. Nice SpA Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Nice SpA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Nice SpA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. B&D Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 96. B&D Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 97. B&D Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. B&D Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. B&D Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Guardian Access & Door Hardware Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 101. Guardian Access & Door Hardware Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 102. Guardian Access & Door Hardware Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Guardian Access & Door Hardware Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Guardian Access & Door Hardware Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Superlift Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 106. Superlift Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 107. Superlift Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Superlift Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Superlift Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. PowerMaster Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 111. PowerMaster Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 112. PowerMaster Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. PowerMaster Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. PowerMaster Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Manaras-Opera Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 116. Manaras-Opera Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 117. Manaras-Opera Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Manaras-Opera Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Manaras-Opera Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. LiftLogix Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 121. LiftLogix Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 122. LiftLogix Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. LiftLogix Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. LiftLogix Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Teckentrup Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 126. Teckentrup Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 127. Teckentrup Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Teckentrup Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Teckentrup Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Marantec Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 131. Marantec Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 132. Marantec Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Marantec Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Marantec Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Skylink Group Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 136. Skylink Group Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 137. Skylink Group Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Skylink Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Skylink Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Hörmann Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 141. Hörmann Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 142. Hörmann Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Hörmann Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Hörmann Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Came S.p.A. Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 146. Came S.p.A. Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 147. Came S.p.A. Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Came S.p.A. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Came S.p.A. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Dalian Seaside Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 151. Dalian Seaside Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 152. Dalian Seaside Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Dalian Seaside Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Dalian Seaside Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. DECKO Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 156. DECKO Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 157. DECKO Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. DECKO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. DECKO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Baisheng Gate Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 161. Baisheng Gate Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 162. Baisheng Gate Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Baisheng Gate Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Baisheng Gate Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. FAAC Group Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 166. FAAC Group Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 167. FAAC Group Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. FAAC Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. FAAC Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. DoorKing Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 171. DoorKing Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 172. DoorKing Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. DoorKing Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. DoorKing Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. ELKA-Torantriebe GmbH Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 176. ELKA-Torantriebe GmbH Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 177. ELKA-Torantriebe GmbH Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. ELKA-Torantriebe GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. ELKA-Torantriebe GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Novoferm Group Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 181. Novoferm Group Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 182. Novoferm Group Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Novoferm Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Novoferm Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Zhejiang Xianfeng Machinery Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 186. Zhejiang Xianfeng Machinery Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 187. Zhejiang Xianfeng Machinery Co., Ltd Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Zhejiang Xianfeng Machinery Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Zhejiang Xianfeng Machinery Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Proteco Srl Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 191. Proteco Srl Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 192. Proteco Srl Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 193. Proteco Srl Main Business and Markets Served
Table 194. Proteco Srl Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. ASSA ABLOY Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 196. ASSA ABLOY Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 197. ASSA ABLOY Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 198. ASSA ABLOY Main Business and Markets Served
Table 199. ASSA ABLOY Recent Developments/Updates
Table 200. BX Shinsei Seiki Co.,Ltd. Commercial Door Opener Company Information
Table 201. BX Shinsei Seiki Co.,Ltd. Commercial Door Opener Specification and Application
Table 202. BX Shinsei Seiki Co.,Ltd. Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 203. BX Shinsei Seiki Co.,Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 204. BX Shinsei Seiki Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 205. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 206. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 207. Commercial Door Opener Distributors List
Table 208. Commercial Door Opener Customers List
Table 209. Commercial Door Opener Market Trends
Table 210. Commercial Door Opener Market Drivers
Table 211. Commercial Door Opener Market Challenges
Table 212. Commercial Door Opener Market Restraints
Table 213. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 214. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 215. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 216. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Commercial Door Opener
Figure 2. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Light Duty Opener Product Picture
Figure 5. Medium Duty Opener Product Picture
Figure 6. Heavy Duty Opener Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Commercial Door Opener Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Garage
Figure 10. Warehouse
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Commercial Door Opener Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Commercial Door Opener Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Commercial Door Opener Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Commercial Door Opener Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Commercial Door Opener Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Commercial Door Opener Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 25. Global Commercial Door Opener Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Commercial Door Opener Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Commercial Door Opener Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 31. Global Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 33. North America Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Canada Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. France Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. U.K. Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Italy Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Netherlands Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Japan Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. South Korea Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. India Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Commercial Door Opener Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Brazil Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Turkey Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Commercial Door Opener Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Commercial Door Opener by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Commercial Door Opener by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Commercial Door Opener by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Commercial Door Opener by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Commercial Door Opener Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Commercial Door Opener Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation
