List of Tables
Table 1. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Yellow Powder
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of White Powder
Table 4. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Kiloton)
Table 6. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production by Region (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 7. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production by Region (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 8. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 9. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 10. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 14. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 15. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 17. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 18. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 19. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 21. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 24. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Price by Manufacturers 2019-2024 (US$/Ton)
Table 25. Global Key Players of 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 26. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 27. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid as of 2023)
Table 28. Global Key Manufacturers of 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 29. Global Key Manufacturers of 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid, Product Offered and Application
Table 30. Global Key Manufacturers of 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 31. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 32. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 33. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 34. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 36. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 39. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 40. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Price by Type (2019-2024) & (US$/Ton)
Table 41. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (US$/Ton)
Table 42. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 43. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 44. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 50. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Price by Application (2019-2024) & (US$/Ton)
Table 51. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (US$/Ton)
Table 52. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 53. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 54. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 57. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 58. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 61. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 62. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 63. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 64. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 65. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 66. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 67. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 68. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 70. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 71. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 73. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 74. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 77. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 78. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 79. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 80. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 83. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 84. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 87. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 88. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 91. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 92. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 94. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 95. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 98. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 99. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 100. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 101. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 104. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 105. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 108. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 109. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kiloton)
Table 111. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (Kiloton)
Table 112. Xiamen Slsc Biological Technology Company Information
Table 113. Xiamen Slsc Biological Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 114. Xiamen Slsc Biological Technology 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Capacity Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 115. Xiamen Slsc Biological Technology 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Xiamen Slsc Biological Technology Recent Development
Table 117. Suzhou Jiaye Biotechnology Company Information
Table 118. Suzhou Jiaye Biotechnology Description and Major Businesses
Table 119. Suzhou Jiaye Biotechnology 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Capacity Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 120. Suzhou Jiaye Biotechnology 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Suzhou Jiaye Biotechnology Recent Development
Table 122. Hubei YuanCheng Saichuang Technoloy Company Information
Table 123. Hubei YuanCheng Saichuang Technoloy Description and Major Businesses
Table 124. Hubei YuanCheng Saichuang Technoloy 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Capacity Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 125. Hubei YuanCheng Saichuang Technoloy 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Hubei YuanCheng Saichuang Technoloy Recent Development
Table 127. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 128. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 129. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Distributors List
Table 130. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Customers List
Table 131. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Trends
Table 132. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Drivers
Table 133. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Challenges
Table 134. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Restraints
Table 135. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 136. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 137. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Product Picture
Figure 2. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2030
Figure 4. Yellow Powder Product Picture
Figure 5. White Powder Product Picture
Figure 6. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2030
Figure 8. Medicine
Figure 9. Pigment
Figure 10. Other (Sunscreen, etc.)
Figure 11. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Capacity, Production and Utilization (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 13. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 14. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 15. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Growth Rate in North America (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 16. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Growth Rate in Europe (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 17. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Growth Rate in China (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 18. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Growth Rate in Japan (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 19. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 20. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue 2019-2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 23. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 24. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales 2019-2030 ((Kiloton)
Figure 25. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Kiloton)
Figure 26. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 27. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 28. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 30. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 32. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia (excluding China) 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 34. Asia (excluding China) 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (Kiloton)
Figure 36. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. The 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2023
Figure 38. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid in the World: Market Share by 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue in 2023
Figure 39. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 40. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 41. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 42. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 43. Global 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 44. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 45. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 46. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 47. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 48. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 49. US & Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 50. U.S. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Canada 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 53. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 54. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 55. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Europe 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Germany 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. France 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. U.K. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Italy 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Russia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 64. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 65. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. China 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 67. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 68. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 69. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 70. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 71. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Japan 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. South Korea 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. China Taiwan 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Southeast Asia 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. India 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 79. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 80. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 81. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 82. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 83. Middle East, Africa and Latin America 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 84. Brazil 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 85. Mexico 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 86. Turkey 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 87. Israel 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. GCC Countries 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Value Chain
Figure 90. 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid Production Process
Figure 91. Channels of Distribution
Figure 92. Distributors Profiles
Figure 93. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 94. Data Triangulation
Figure 95. Key Executives Interviewed