List of Tables
Table 1. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 19. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 21. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 24. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 26. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 27. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 28. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 31. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 33. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 46. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 47. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 48. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 49. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 50. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 51. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 52. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 53. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 54. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 55. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 56. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 57. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 58. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 59. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 60. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 61. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 62. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 63. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 64. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 65. Nippon Shokubai Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 66. Nippon Shokubai Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 67. Nippon Shokubai Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 68. Nippon Shokubai Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Nippon Shokubai Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Sumitomo Seika Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 71. Sumitomo Seika Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 72. Sumitomo Seika Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 73. Sumitomo Seika Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Sumitomo Seika Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Sanyo Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 76. Sanyo Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 77. Sanyo Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 78. Sanyo Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Sanyo Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Evonik Industries Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 81. Evonik Industries Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 82. Evonik Industries Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 83. Evonik Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Evonik Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. BASF Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 86. BASF Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 87. BASF Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 88. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Demi Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 91. Demi Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 92. Demi Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 93. Demi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Demi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. LG Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 96. LG Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 97. LG Chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 98. LG Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. LG Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Formosa Plastics Corporation Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 101. Formosa Plastics Corporation Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 102. Formosa Plastics Corporation Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 103. Formosa Plastics Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Formosa Plastics Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Shandong Haoyue New Materials Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 106. Shandong Haoyue New Materials Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 107. Shandong Haoyue New Materials Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 108. Shandong Haoyue New Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Shandong Haoyue New Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Shandong Nuoer Bio-Tech Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 111. Shandong Nuoer Bio-Tech Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 112. Shandong Nuoer Bio-Tech Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 113. Shandong Nuoer Bio-Tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Shandong Nuoer Bio-Tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Zhejiang Satellite Petro-chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 116. Zhejiang Satellite Petro-chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 117. Zhejiang Satellite Petro-chemical Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 118. Zhejiang Satellite Petro-chemical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Zhejiang Satellite Petro-chemical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Danson Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 121. Danson Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 122. Danson Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 123. Danson Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Danson Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Quanzhou BLD Science Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 126. Quanzhou BLD Science Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 127. Quanzhou BLD Science Technology Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 128. Quanzhou BLD Science Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Quanzhou BLD Science Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Weilong Polymer Material Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Company Information
Table 131. Weilong Polymer Material Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Specification and Application
Table 132. Weilong Polymer Material Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 133. Weilong Polymer Material Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Weilong Polymer Material Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 136. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 137. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Distributors List
Table 138. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Customers List
Table 139. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Trends
Table 140. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Drivers
Table 141. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Challenges
Table 142. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Restraints
Table 143. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 144. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 145. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 146. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products
Figure 2. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Solution-based Polymerization Product Picture
Figure 5. Inverse Suspension Polymerization Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Baby Diapers
Figure 9. Adult Diapers
Figure 10. Sanitary Napkins
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Capacity (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 19. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Revenue in 2023
Figure 21. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 23. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 24. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 25. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. China Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Japan Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 30. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 32. North America Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 33. U.S. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 34. Canada Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Europe Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Germany Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 38. France Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 39. U.K. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Italy Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Russia Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 44. China Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Japan Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 46. South Korea Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 49. India Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 52. Mexico Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Brazil Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Turkey Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Value Chain
Figure 63. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) for Personal Care Products Production Process
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation