List of Tables
Table 1. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production by Manufacturers (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Forecasted Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. Lavex Janitorial Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 66. Lavex Janitorial Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 67. Lavex Janitorial Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. Lavex Janitorial Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Lavex Janitorial Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. AIR-WOLF Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 71. AIR-WOLF Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 72. AIR-WOLF Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. AIR-WOLF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. AIR-WOLF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. CWS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 76. CWS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 77. CWS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. CWS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. CWS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. TORK Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 81. TORK Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 82. TORK Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. TORK Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. TORK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Rubbermaid Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 86. Rubbermaid Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 87. Rubbermaid Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. Rubbermaid Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Rubbermaid Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. ASI Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 91. ASI Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 92. ASI Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. ASI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. ASI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Regal Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 96. Regal Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 97. Regal Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. Regal Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Regal Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Little Hands & Interleave Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 101. Little Hands & Interleave Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 102. Little Hands & Interleave Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. Little Hands & Interleave Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Little Hands & Interleave Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Centrefeed Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 106. Centrefeed Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 107. Centrefeed Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. Centrefeed Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Centrefeed Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Lavex Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 111. Lavex Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 112. Lavex Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. Lavex Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Lavex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Bradley Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 116. Bradley Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 117. Bradley Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Bradley Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Bradley Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. MSV Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 121. MSV Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 122. MSV Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. MSV Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. MSV Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Verdelook Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 126. Verdelook Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 127. Verdelook Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Verdelook Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Verdelook Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. all4bath Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 131. all4bath Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 132. all4bath Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 133. all4bath Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. all4bath Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Feridras Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 136. Feridras Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 137. Feridras Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 138. Feridras Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Feridras Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. BulkySoft Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 141. BulkySoft Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 142. BulkySoft Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 143. BulkySoft Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. BulkySoft Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Metaform Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 146. Metaform Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 147. Metaform Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 148. Metaform Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Metaform Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. KIS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 151. KIS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 152. KIS Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 153. KIS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. KIS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Vialli Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 156. Vialli Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 157. Vialli Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 158. Vialli Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Vialli Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Lucart Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 161. Lucart Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 162. Lucart Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 163. Lucart Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Lucart Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Hospeco Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Company Information
Table 166. Hospeco Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Specification and Application
Table 167. Hospeco Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 168. Hospeco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Hospeco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 171. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 172. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Distributors List
Table 173. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Customers List
Table 174. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Trends
Table 175. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Drivers
Table 176. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Challenges
Table 177. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Restraints
Table 178. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 179. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 180. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 181. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser
Figure 2. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Vertical Product Picture
Figure 5. Horizontal Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 7. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 8. Industrial
Figure 9. Commercial
Figure 10. Public Utilities
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 13. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 14. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Capacity (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 15. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 19. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 20. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 21. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Revenue in 2025
Figure 22. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 24. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 25. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 26. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 27. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 28. China Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. Japan Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 31. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 32. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 33. North America Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 34. U.S. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 35. Canada Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Europe Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 38. Germany Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 39. France Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 40. U.K. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. Italy Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Russia Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 45. China Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 46. Japan Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 47. South Korea Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. China Taiwan Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. India Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 53. Mexico Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 54. Brazil Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Turkey Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. GCC Countries Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Liquid Soap and Paper Towel Dispenser Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation
