Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Research Report 2023

The global Automotive Electrical Products market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2029, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2023-2029. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.

North American market for Automotive Electrical Products is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

Asia-Pacific market for Automotive Electrical Products is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

The global market for Automotive Electrical Products in Commercial Vehicle is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to $ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.

The key global companies of Automotive Electrical Products include BBB Industries Ltd, Continental AG, Denso, Hella, Hitachi Astemo, Panasonic Corporation, Robert Bosch GmbH, Valeo and Visteon, etc. In 2022, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Electrical Products, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automotive Electrical Products.

The Automotive Electrical Products market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of and revenue ($ millions), considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Automotive Electrical Products market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application, and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

The report will help the Automotive Electrical Products companies, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

1.2.2 Light Equipment

1.2.3 Automotive Batteries

1.2.4 Automotive Connectors

1.2.5 Alternators & Starters

1.2.6 Ignition Systems & Parts

1.2.7 Others

1.3 Market by Application

1.3.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

1.3.2 Commercial Vehicle

1.3.3 Passenger Car

1.4 Study Objectives

1.5 Years Considered

1.6 Years Considered

2.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Perspective (2018-2029)

2.2 Automotive Electrical Products Growth Trends by Region

2.2.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

2.2.2 Automotive Electrical Products Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)

2.2.3 Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029)

2.3 Automotive Electrical Products Market Dynamics

2.3.1 Automotive Electrical Products Industry Trends

2.3.2 Automotive Electrical Products Market Drivers

2.3.3 Automotive Electrical Products Market Challenges

2.3.4 Automotive Electrical Products Market Restraints

3.1 Global Top Automotive Electrical Products Players by Revenue

3.1.1 Global Top Automotive Electrical Products Players by Revenue (2018-2023)

3.1.2 Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)

3.2 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Automotive Electrical Products Revenue

3.4 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Concentration Ratio

3.4.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Automotive Electrical Products Revenue in 2022

3.5 Automotive Electrical Products Key Players Head office and Area Served

3.6 Key Players Automotive Electrical Products Product Solution and Service

3.7 Date of Enter into Automotive Electrical Products Market

3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)

4.2 Global Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)

5.1 Global Automotive Electrical Products Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)

5.2 Global Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)

6.1 North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (2018-2029)

6.2 North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

6.3 North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

6.4 North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

6.5 United States

6.6 Canada

7.1 Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (2018-2029)

7.2 Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

7.3 Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

7.4 Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

7.5 Germany

7.6 France

7.7 U.K.

7.8 Italy

7.9 Russia

7.10 Nordic Countries

8.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (2018-2029)

8.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

8.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (2018-2023)

8.4 Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (2024-2029)

8.5 China

8.6 Japan

8.7 South Korea

8.8 Southeast Asia

8.9 India

8.10 Australia

9.1 Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (2018-2029)

9.2 Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

9.3 Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

9.4 Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

9.5 Mexico

9.6 Brazil

10.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (2018-2029)

10.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

10.3 Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023)

10.4 Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029)

10.5 Turkey

10.6 Saudi Arabia

10.7 UAE

11.1 BBB Industries Ltd

11.1.1 BBB Industries Ltd Company Detail

11.1.2 BBB Industries Ltd Business Overview

11.1.3 BBB Industries Ltd Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.1.4 BBB Industries Ltd Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.1.5 BBB Industries Ltd Recent Development

11.2 Continental AG

11.2.1 Continental AG Company Detail

11.2.2 Continental AG Business Overview

11.2.3 Continental AG Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.2.4 Continental AG Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.2.5 Continental AG Recent Development

11.3 Denso

11.3.1 Denso Company Detail

11.3.2 Denso Business Overview

11.3.3 Denso Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.3.4 Denso Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.3.5 Denso Recent Development

11.4 Hella

11.4.1 Hella Company Detail

11.4.2 Hella Business Overview

11.4.3 Hella Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.4.4 Hella Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.4.5 Hella Recent Development

11.5 Hitachi Astemo

11.5.1 Hitachi Astemo Company Detail

11.5.2 Hitachi Astemo Business Overview

11.5.3 Hitachi Astemo Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.5.4 Hitachi Astemo Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.5.5 Hitachi Astemo Recent Development

11.6 Panasonic Corporation

11.6.1 Panasonic Corporation Company Detail

11.6.2 Panasonic Corporation Business Overview

11.6.3 Panasonic Corporation Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.6.4 Panasonic Corporation Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.6.5 Panasonic Corporation Recent Development

11.7 Robert Bosch GmbH

11.7.1 Robert Bosch GmbH Company Detail

11.7.2 Robert Bosch GmbH Business Overview

11.7.3 Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.7.4 Robert Bosch GmbH Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.7.5 Robert Bosch GmbH Recent Development

11.8 Valeo

11.8.1 Valeo Company Detail

11.8.2 Valeo Business Overview

11.8.3 Valeo Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.8.4 Valeo Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.8.5 Valeo Recent Development

11.9 Visteon

11.9.1 Visteon Company Detail

11.9.2 Visteon Business Overview

11.9.3 Visteon Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.9.4 Visteon Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.9.5 Visteon Recent Development

11.10 ZF Friedrichshafen

11.10.1 ZF Friedrichshafen Company Detail

11.10.2 ZF Friedrichshafen Business Overview

11.10.3 ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.10.4 ZF Friedrichshafen Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.10.5 ZF Friedrichshafen Recent Development

11.11 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K.

11.11.1 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Company Detail

11.11.2 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Business Overview

11.11.3 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Automotive Electrical Products Introduction

11.11.4 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

11.11.5 Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Recent Development

13.1 Research Methodology

13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.2 Data Source

13.2 Disclaimer

13.3 Author Details

List of Tables

    Table 1. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 2. Key Players of Light Equipment

    Table 3. Key Players of Automotive Batteries

    Table 4. Key Players of Automotive Connectors

    Table 5. Key Players of Alternators & Starters

    Table 6. Key Players of Ignition Systems & Parts

    Table 7. Key Players of Others

    Table 8. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 9. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 10. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 11. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Region (2018-2023)

    Table 12. Global Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 13. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Region (2024-2029)

    Table 14. Automotive Electrical Products Market Trends

    Table 15. Automotive Electrical Products Market Drivers

    Table 16. Automotive Electrical Products Market Challenges

    Table 17. Automotive Electrical Products Market Restraints

    Table 18. Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue by Players (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 19. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Players (2018-2023)

    Table 20. Global Top Automotive Electrical Products Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products as of 2022)

    Table 21. Ranking of Global Top Automotive Electrical Products Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2022

    Table 22. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Automotive Electrical Products Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2018-2023)

    Table 23. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served

    Table 24. Key Players Automotive Electrical Products Product Solution and Service

    Table 25. Date of Enter into Automotive Electrical Products Market

    Table 26. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

    Table 27. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 28. Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)

    Table 29. Global Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 30. Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)

    Table 31. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 32. Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)

    Table 33. Global Automotive Electrical Products Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 34. Global Automotive Electrical Products Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)

    Table 35. North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 36. North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 37. North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 38. Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 39. Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 40. Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 41. Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 42. Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 43. Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 44. Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 45. Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 46. Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 47. Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Table 48. Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 49. Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Table 50. BBB Industries Ltd Company Detail

    Table 51. BBB Industries Ltd Business Overview

    Table 52. BBB Industries Ltd Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 53. BBB Industries Ltd Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 54. BBB Industries Ltd Recent Development

    Table 55. Continental AG Company Detail

    Table 56. Continental AG Business Overview

    Table 57. Continental AG Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 58. Continental AG Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 59. Continental AG Recent Development

    Table 60. Denso Company Detail

    Table 61. Denso Business Overview

    Table 62. Denso Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 63. Denso Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 64. Denso Recent Development

    Table 65. Hella Company Detail

    Table 66. Hella Business Overview

    Table 67. Hella Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 68. Hella Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 69. Hella Recent Development

    Table 70. Hitachi Astemo Company Detail

    Table 71. Hitachi Astemo Business Overview

    Table 72. Hitachi Astemo Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 73. Hitachi Astemo Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 74. Hitachi Astemo Recent Development

    Table 75. Panasonic Corporation Company Detail

    Table 76. Panasonic Corporation Business Overview

    Table 77. Panasonic Corporation Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 78. Panasonic Corporation Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 79. Panasonic Corporation Recent Development

    Table 80. Robert Bosch GmbH Company Detail

    Table 81. Robert Bosch GmbH Business Overview

    Table 82. Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 83. Robert Bosch GmbH Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 84. Robert Bosch GmbH Recent Development

    Table 85. Valeo Company Detail

    Table 86. Valeo Business Overview

    Table 87. Valeo Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 88. Valeo Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 89. Valeo Recent Development

    Table 90. Visteon Company Detail

    Table 91. Visteon Business Overview

    Table 92. Visteon Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 93. Visteon Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 94. Visteon Recent Development

    Table 95. ZF Friedrichshafen Company Detail

    Table 96. ZF Friedrichshafen Business Overview

    Table 97. ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 98. ZF Friedrichshafen Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 99. ZF Friedrichshafen Recent Development

    Table 100. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Company Detail

    Table 101. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Business Overview

    Table 102. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Automotive Electrical Products Product

    Table 103. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)

    Table 104. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Recent Development

    Table 105. Research Programs/Design for This Report

    Table 106. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

    Table 107. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List of Figures

    Figure 1. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Comparison by Type (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 2. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 3. Light Equipment Features

    Figure 4. Automotive Batteries Features

    Figure 5. Automotive Connectors Features

    Figure 6. Alternators & Starters Features

    Figure 7. Ignition Systems & Parts Features

    Figure 8. Others Features

    Figure 9. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size Comparison by Application (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 10. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 11. Commercial Vehicle Case Studies

    Figure 12. Passenger Car Case Studies

    Figure 13. Automotive Electrical Products Report Years Considered

    Figure 14. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2018-2029

    Figure 15. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Size, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 16. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Region: 2022 VS 2029

    Figure 17. Global Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Players in 2022

    Figure 18. Global Top Automotive Electrical Products Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Electrical Products as of 2022)

    Figure 19. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Automotive Electrical Products Revenue in 2022

    Figure 20. North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 21. North America Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 22. United States Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 23. Canada Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 24. Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 25. Europe Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 26. Germany Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 27. France Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 28. U.K. Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 29. Italy Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 30. Russia Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 31. Nordic Countries Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 32. Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Region (2018-2029)

    Figure 34. China Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 35. Japan Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 36. South Korea Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 37. Southeast Asia Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 38. India Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 39. Australia Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 40. Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 41. Latin America Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 42. Mexico Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 43. Brazil Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Automotive Electrical Products Market Share by Country (2018-2029)

    Figure 46. Turkey Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 47. Saudi Arabia Automotive Electrical Products Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 48. BBB Industries Ltd Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 49. Continental AG Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 50. Denso Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 51. Hella Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 52. Hitachi Astemo Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 53. Panasonic Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 54. Robert Bosch GmbH Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 55. Valeo Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 56. Visteon Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 57. ZF Friedrichshafen Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 58. Toyo Denki Seizo K.K. Revenue Growth Rate in Automotive Electrical Products Business (2018-2023)

    Figure 59. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

    Figure 60. Data Triangulation

    Figure 61. Key Executives Interviewed