List of Tables
Table 1. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (kg)
Table 7. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (kg)
Table 8. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (kg)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (kg)
Table 11. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production by Region (2020-2025) & (kg)
Table 12. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production by Region (2026-2031) & (kg)
Table 13. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (kg)
Table 14. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/g)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (kg)
Table 26. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (kg)
Table 27. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/g)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (kg)
Table 32. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (kg)
Table 33. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/g)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales (kg) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales (kg) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales (kg) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Merck KGaA Corporation Information
Table 54. Merck KGaA Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Merck KGaA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Merck KGaA Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Merck KGaA Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Merck KGaA Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Merck KGaA Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Merck KGaA Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Merck KGaA Recent Developments
Table 62. Jena Bioscience GmbH Corporation Information
Table 63. Jena Bioscience GmbH Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Jena Bioscience GmbH Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Jena Bioscience GmbH Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Jena Bioscience GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Jena Bioscience GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Jena Bioscience GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Jena Bioscience GmbH Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Jena Bioscience GmbH Recent Developments
Table 71. Meridian Corporation Information
Table 72. Meridian Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Meridian Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Meridian Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Meridian Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Meridian Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Meridian Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Meridian Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Meridian Recent Developments
Table 80. Abbott Corporation Information
Table 81. Abbott Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Abbott Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Abbott Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Abbott Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Abbott Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Abbott Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Abbott Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Abbott Recent Developments
Table 89. Takara Bio Inc Corporation Information
Table 90. Takara Bio Inc Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Takara Bio Inc Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Takara Bio Inc Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Takara Bio Inc Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Takara Bio Inc Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Takara Bio Inc Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Takara Bio Inc Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Takara Bio Inc Recent Developments
Table 98. Solis BioDyne Corporation Information
Table 99. Solis BioDyne Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Solis BioDyne Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Solis BioDyne Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Solis BioDyne Recent Developments
Table 103. TOYOBO.inc Corporation Information
Table 104. TOYOBO.inc Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. TOYOBO.inc Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. TOYOBO.inc Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. TOYOBO.inc Recent Developments
Table 108. SBS Genetech Corporation Information
Table 109. SBS Genetech Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. SBS Genetech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. SBS Genetech Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. SBS Genetech Recent Developments
Table 113. Tinzyme Co Corporation Information
Table 114. Tinzyme Co Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Tinzyme Co Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Tinzyme Co Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Tinzyme Co Recent Developments
Table 118. Kaneka Corporation(Eurogentec) Corporation Information
Table 119. Kaneka Corporation(Eurogentec) Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Kaneka Corporation(Eurogentec) Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Kaneka Corporation(Eurogentec) Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Kaneka Corporation(Eurogentec) Recent Developments
Table 123. Cwbio IT Group Corporation Information
Table 124. Cwbio IT Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Cwbio IT Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Cwbio IT Group Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Cwbio IT Group Recent Developments
Table 128. EURx Ltd Corporation Information
Table 129. EURx Ltd Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. EURx Ltd Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. EURx Ltd Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. EURx Ltd Recent Developments
Table 133. Enzo Biochem Inc. Corporation Information
Table 134. Enzo Biochem Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Enzo Biochem Inc. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Enzo Biochem Inc. Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Enzo Biochem Inc. Recent Developments
Table 138. NovoBiotechnology Corporation Information
Table 139. NovoBiotechnology Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. NovoBiotechnology Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. NovoBiotechnology Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. NovoBiotechnology Recent Developments
Table 143. NIPPON GENE CO Corporation Information
Table 144. NIPPON GENE CO Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. NIPPON GENE CO Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. NIPPON GENE CO Capacity, Sales (kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. NIPPON GENE CO Recent Developments
Table 148. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 149. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 150. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 151. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 152. Distributors List
Table 153. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 154. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 155. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 156. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 157. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 158. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Eukaryotic Organisms UNG Product Picture
Figure 4. Prokaryotes UNG Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Biopharmaceuticals
Figure 7. Biomarker Detection
Figure 8. Molecular Biology Research
Figure 9. Other
Figure 10. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 16. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (kg)
Figure 17. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 19. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (kg)
Figure 20. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 21. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 22. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 23. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 24. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 25. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 26. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 27. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 28. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 29. Eukaryotic Organisms UNG Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. Prokaryotes UNG Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 34. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 37. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 38. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 40. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 41. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 42. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 43. North America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 44. US Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Canada Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 48. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 50. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Germany Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. France Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. U.K. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Italy Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Russia Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Indonesia Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Japan Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. South Korea Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. China Taiwan Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. India Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 72. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 74. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 75. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 76. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Brazil Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Argentina Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Middle East, and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (kg)
Figure 81. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 84. South America Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Volume (kg) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 87. GCC Countries Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. Turkey Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Egypt Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. South Africa Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 92. Regional Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 93. Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Process
Figure 94. Regional Uracil-N-Glycosylase (UNG) Production Cost Structure
Figure 95. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 96. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 97. Data Triangulation
Figure 98. Key Executives Interviewed