Lactulose - Global Market Share and Ranking, Overall Sales and Demand Forecast 2024-2030

Major Trends

Lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide, is primarily used for treating constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It functions by drawing water into the bowel and converting ammonia to ammonium, reducing toxicity in liver patients. An aging population, digestive health awareness, and hepatic disease prevalence sustain demand. Formulation improvements for taste masking and easier dosing broaden lactulose’s acceptance in both OTC and prescription markets.

Lactulose Market Trends

Expanding usage beyond standard constipation solutions emerges. New clinical studies examine lactulose’s potential role in gut microbiome modulation, suggesting benefits for broader gastrointestinal disorders. Pediatric and geriatric formulations are refined to ensure gentle relief with minimal side effects. Some nutraceutical products also incorporate lactulose to support colon health, reflecting a shift toward preventative care rather than symptom management alone.

Syrup-based lactulose remains popular, but powder and sachet forms gain ground. These formats improve portability, precise dosing, and patient adherence. Manufacturers collaborate with pharmacies to develop sugar-free or reduced-calorie versions that cater to diabetic individuals. Packaging enhancements—like single-serve sticks—ease daily usage, especially in busy lifestyles. Clear labeling around recommended intake fosters consumer trust, aiding widespread acceptance.

E-commerce and DTC channels grow. Patients and caregivers appreciate doorstep delivery of standard digestive aids like lactulose, especially for chronic conditions requiring ongoing usage. Online educational content demystifies product benefits, encouraging informed purchases without stigma. Regulatory oversight ensures consistent product quality and authenticity. This digital shift extends brand reach, influencing how lactulose is perceived and procured in global healthcare markets.

Lactulose Market Share

Lactulose industry is concentrated relatively and is technology intensive industry. Currently, there are several producing companies in the world lactulose industry. The main market players are Abbott, Morinage, Solactis, Fresenius Kabi, Illovo, etc.

 

In consumption market, Europe and North America are the mainly consumption regions due to the bigger demand of downstream applications. These two regions occupy over 70% of the global consumption volume in total.

Scope of Lactulose - Market Report

Chapter Outline

1.1 Lactulose Product Introduction

1.2 Global Lactulose Market Size Forecast

1.2.1 Global Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030)

1.2.2 Global Lactulose Sales Volume (2019-2030)

1.2.3 Global Lactulose Sales Price (2019-2030)

1.3 Lactulose Market Trends & Drivers

1.3.1 Lactulose Industry Trends

1.3.2 Lactulose Market Drivers & Opportunity

1.3.3 Lactulose Market Challenges

1.3.4 Lactulose Market Restraints

1.4 Assumptions and Limitations

1.5 Study Objectives

1.6 Years Considered

2.1 Global Lactulose Players Revenue Ranking (2023)

2.2 Global Lactulose Revenue by Company (2019-2024)

2.3 Global Lactulose Players Sales Volume Ranking (2023)

2.4 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Company Players (2019-2024)

2.5 Global Lactulose Average Price by Company (2019-2024)

2.6 Key Manufacturers Lactulose Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters

2.7 Key Manufacturers Lactulose Product Offered

2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Lactulose

2.9 Lactulose Market Competitive Analysis

2.9.1 Lactulose Market Concentration Rate (2019-2024)

2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Lactulose Revenue in 2023

2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Lactulose as of 2023)

2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3.1 Introduction by Type

3.1.1 Crystalline Lactulose

3.1.2 Liquid Lactulose

3.2 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type

3.2.1 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)

3.2.2 Global Lactulose Sales Value, by Type (2019-2030)

3.2.3 Global Lactulose Sales Value, by Type (%) (2019-2030)

3.3 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type

3.3.1 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)

3.3.2 Global Lactulose Sales Volume, by Type (2019-2030)

3.3.3 Global Lactulose Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2019-2030)

3.4 Global Lactulose Average Price by Type (2019-2030)

4.1 Introduction by Application

4.1.1 Pharmaceuticals

4.1.2 Food Ingredient

4.1.3 Others

4.2 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application

4.2.1 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)

4.2.2 Global Lactulose Sales Value, by Application (2019-2030)

4.2.3 Global Lactulose Sales Value, by Application (%) (2019-2030)

4.3 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application

4.3.1 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)

4.3.2 Global Lactulose Sales Volume, by Application (2019-2030)

4.3.3 Global Lactulose Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2019-2030)

4.4 Global Lactulose Average Price by Application (2019-2030)

5.1 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region

5.1.1 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

5.1.2 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2019-2024)

5.1.3 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2025-2030)

5.1.4 Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (%), (2019-2030)

5.2 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region

5.2.1 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

5.2.2 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024)

5.2.3 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030)

5.2.4 Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (%), (2019-2030)

5.3 Global Lactulose Average Price by Region (2019-2030)

5.4 North America

5.4.1 North America Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

5.4.2 North America Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

5.5 Europe

5.5.1 Europe Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

5.5.2 Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

5.6 Asia Pacific

5.6.1 Asia Pacific Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

5.6.2 Asia Pacific Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

5.7 South America

5.7.1 South America Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

5.7.2 South America Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

5.8 Middle East & Africa

5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.1 Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value Growth Trends, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

6.2 Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value

6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Volume, 2019-2030

6.3 United States

6.3.1 United States Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.3.2 United States Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.3.3 United States Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.4 Europe

6.4.1 Europe Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.4.2 Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.4.3 Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.5 China

6.5.1 China Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.5.2 China Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.5.3 China Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.6 Japan

6.6.1 Japan Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.6.2 Japan Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.6.3 Japan Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.7 South Korea

6.7.1 South Korea Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.7.2 South Korea Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.7.3 South Korea Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.8 Southeast Asia

6.8.1 Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.8.2 Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.8.3 Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

6.9 India

6.9.1 India Lactulose Sales Value, 2019-2030

6.9.2 India Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

6.9.3 India Lactulose Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030

7.1 Abbott

7.1.1 Abbott Company Information

7.1.2 Abbott Introduction and Business Overview

7.1.3 Abbott Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.1.4 Abbott Lactulose Product Offerings

7.1.5 Abbott Recent Development

7.2 Morinaga

7.2.1 Morinaga Company Information

7.2.2 Morinaga Introduction and Business Overview

7.2.3 Morinaga Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.2.4 Morinaga Lactulose Product Offerings

7.2.5 Morinaga Recent Development

7.3 Solactis

7.3.1 Solactis Company Information

7.3.2 Solactis Introduction and Business Overview

7.3.3 Solactis Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.3.4 Solactis Lactulose Product Offerings

7.3.5 Solactis Recent Development

7.4 Fresenius Kabi

7.4.1 Fresenius Kabi Company Information

7.4.2 Fresenius Kabi Introduction and Business Overview

7.4.3 Fresenius Kabi Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.4.4 Fresenius Kabi Lactulose Product Offerings

7.4.5 Fresenius Kabi Recent Development

7.5 Illovo

7.5.1 Illovo Company Information

7.5.2 Illovo Introduction and Business Overview

7.5.3 Illovo Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.5.4 Illovo Lactulose Product Offerings

7.5.5 Illovo Recent Development

7.6 Biofac

7.6.1 Biofac Company Information

7.6.2 Biofac Introduction and Business Overview

7.6.3 Biofac Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.6.4 Biofac Lactulose Product Offerings

7.6.5 Biofac Recent Development

7.7 Dandong Kangfu

7.7.1 Dandong Kangfu Company Information

7.7.2 Dandong Kangfu Introduction and Business Overview

7.7.3 Dandong Kangfu Lactulose Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

7.7.4 Dandong Kangfu Lactulose Product Offerings

7.7.5 Dandong Kangfu Recent Development

8.1 Lactulose Industrial Chain

8.2 Lactulose Upstream Analysis

8.2.1 Key Raw Materials

8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers

8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.3 Midstream Analysis

8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)

8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels

8.5.1 Lactulose Sales Model

8.5.2 Sales Channel

8.5.3 Lactulose Distributors

10.1 Research Methodology

10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach

10.1.2 Data Source

10.2 Author Details

10.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

    Table 1. Lactulose Market Trends

    Table 2. Lactulose Market Drivers & Opportunity

    Table 3. Lactulose Market Challenges

    Table 4. Lactulose Market Restraints

    Table 5. Global Lactulose Revenue by Company (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

    Table 6. Global Lactulose Revenue Market Share by Company (2019-2024)

    Table 7. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Company (2019-2024) & (K MT)

    Table 8. Global Lactulose Sales Volume Market Share by Company (2019-2024)

    Table 9. Global Market Lactulose Price by Company (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)

    Table 10. Key Manufacturers Lactulose Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters

    Table 11. Key Manufacturers Lactulose Product Type

    Table 12. Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Lactulose

    Table 13. Global Lactulose Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

    Table 14. Global Top Manufacturers Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Lactulose as of 2023)

    Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

    Table 16. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

    Table 17. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

    Table 18. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Table 19. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 20. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 21. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)

    Table 22. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)

    Table 23. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)

    Table 24. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 25. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 26. Global Lactulose Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)

    Table 27. Global Lactulose Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Table 28. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

    Table 29. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

    Table 30. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Table 31. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 32. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 33. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K MT)

    Table 34. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)

    Table 35. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)

    Table 36. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 37. Global Lactulose Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 38. Global Lactulose Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)

    Table 39. Global Lactulose Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Table 40. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

    Table 41. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

    Table 42. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Table 43. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 44. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Region (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 45. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (K MT): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

    Table 46. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024) & (K MT)

    Table 47. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030) & (K MT)

    Table 48. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024) & (%)

    Table 49. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030) & (%)

    Table 50. Global Lactulose Average Price by Region (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)

    Table 51. Global Lactulose Average Price by Region (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Table 52. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value Growth Trends, (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

    Table 53. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

    Table 54. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value, (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Table 55. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Volume, (2019-2024) & (K MT)

    Table 56. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Volume, (2025-2030) & (K MT)

    Table 57. Abbott Company Information

    Table 58. Abbott Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 59. Abbott Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 60. Abbott Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 61. Abbott Recent Development

    Table 62. Morinaga Company Information

    Table 63. Morinaga Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 64. Morinaga Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 65. Morinaga Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 66. Morinaga Recent Development

    Table 67. Solactis Company Information

    Table 68. Solactis Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 69. Solactis Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 70. Solactis Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 71. Solactis Recent Development

    Table 72. Fresenius Kabi Company Information

    Table 73. Fresenius Kabi Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 74. Fresenius Kabi Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 75. Fresenius Kabi Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 76. Fresenius Kabi Recent Development

    Table 77. Illovo Company Information

    Table 78. Illovo Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 79. Illovo Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 80. Illovo Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 81. Illovo Recent Development

    Table 82. Biofac Company Information

    Table 83. Biofac Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 84. Biofac Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 85. Biofac Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 86. Biofac Recent Development

    Table 87. Dandong Kangfu Company Information

    Table 88. Dandong Kangfu Introduction and Business Overview

    Table 89. Dandong Kangfu Lactulose Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)

    Table 90. Dandong Kangfu Lactulose Product Offerings

    Table 91. Dandong Kangfu Recent Development

    Table 92. Key Raw Materials Lists

    Table 93. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists

    Table 94. Lactulose Downstream Customers

    Table 95. Lactulose Distributors List

    Table 96. Research Programs/Design for This Report

    Table 97. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

    Table 98. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List of Figures

    Figure 1. Lactulose Product Picture

    Figure 2. Global Lactulose Sales Value, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

    Figure 3. Global Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 4. Global Lactulose Sales Volume (2019-2030) & (K MT)

    Figure 5. Global Lactulose Sales Price (2019-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Figure 6. Lactulose Report Years Considered

    Figure 7. Global Lactulose Players Revenue Ranking (2023) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 8. Global Lactulose Players Sales Volume Ranking (2023) & (K MT)

    Figure 9. The 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers in the World: Market Share by Lactulose Revenue in 2023

    Figure 10. Lactulose Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023

    Figure 11. Crystalline Lactulose Picture

    Figure 12. Liquid Lactulose Picture

    Figure 13. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 14. Global Lactulose Sales Value Market Share by Type, 2023 & 2030

    Figure 15. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (K MT)

    Figure 16. Global Lactulose Sales Volume Market Share by Type, 2023 & 2030

    Figure 17. Global Lactulose Price by Type (2019-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Figure 18. Product Picture of Pharmaceuticals

    Figure 19. Product Picture of Food Ingredient

    Figure 20. Product Picture of Others

    Figure 21. Global Lactulose Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 22. Global Lactulose Sales Value Market Share by Application, 2023 & 2030

    Figure 23. Global Lactulose Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (K MT)

    Figure 24. Global Lactulose Sales Volume Market Share by Application, 2023 & 2030

    Figure 25. Global Lactulose Price by Application (2019-2030) & (USD/MT)

    Figure 26. North America Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 27. North America Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 28. Europe Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 29. Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 30. Asia Pacific Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 31. Asia Pacific Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 32. South America Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 33. South America Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 34. Middle East & Africa Lactulose Sales Value (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 35. Middle East & Africa Lactulose Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 36. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Value (%), (2019-2030)

    Figure 37. Key Countries/Regions Lactulose Sales Volume (%), (2019-2030)

    Figure 38. United States Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 39. United States Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 40. United States Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 41. Europe Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 42. Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 43. Europe Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 44. China Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 45. China Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 46. China Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 47. Japan Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 48. Japan Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 49. Japan Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 50. South Korea Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 51. South Korea Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 52. South Korea Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 53. Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 54. Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 55. Southeast Asia Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 56. India Lactulose Sales Value, (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

    Figure 57. India Lactulose Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 58. India Lactulose Sales Value by Application (%), 2023 VS 2030

    Figure 59. Lactulose Industrial Chain

    Figure 60. Lactulose Manufacturing Cost Structure

    Figure 61. Channels of Distribution (Direct Sales, and Distribution)

    Figure 62. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

    Figure 63. Data Triangulation

    Figure 64. Key Executives Interviewed