List of Tables
Table 1. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Value Comparison by Type (2024 VS 2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Value by Application (2024 VS 2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons) of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 5. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 7. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Market Shelf Ready Packaging Average Price (US$/Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 9. Global Key Players of Shelf Ready Packaging, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Shelf Ready Packaging, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Shelf Ready Packaging, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Shelf Ready Packaging, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Global Shelf Ready Packaging by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Shelf Ready Packaging as of 2024)
Table 15. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 17. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 18. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 20. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 26. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 27. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 28. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 31. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 32. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 33. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 36. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 37. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 41. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 42. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 43. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 47. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 48. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 51. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 52. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 53. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 54. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 55. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 56. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 57. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 58. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 59. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 60. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 61. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 62. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 63. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 64. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 65. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 66. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 67. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 68. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 69. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 70. Smurfit Westrock Company Information
Table 71. Smurfit Westrock Description and Business Overview
Table 72. Smurfit Westrock Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Smurfit Westrock Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 74. Smurfit Westrock Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Straub Packaging Company Information
Table 76. Straub Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 77. Straub Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Straub Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 79. Straub Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Gissler & Pass Company Information
Table 81. Gissler & Pass Description and Business Overview
Table 82. Gissler & Pass Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Gissler & Pass Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 84. Gissler & Pass Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. DS Smith Company Information
Table 86. DS Smith Description and Business Overview
Table 87. DS Smith Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. DS Smith Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 89. DS Smith Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Palm Company Information
Table 91. Palm Description and Business Overview
Table 92. Palm Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Palm Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 94. Palm Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. THIMM Company Information
Table 96. THIMM Description and Business Overview
Table 97. THIMM Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. THIMM Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 99. THIMM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Maistapack Company Information
Table 101. Maistapack Description and Business Overview
Table 102. Maistapack Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Maistapack Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 104. Maistapack Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. MM Group Company Information
Table 106. MM Group Description and Business Overview
Table 107. MM Group Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. MM Group Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 109. MM Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Rondo Ganahl Aktiengesellschaft Company Information
Table 111. Rondo Ganahl Aktiengesellschaft Description and Business Overview
Table 112. Rondo Ganahl Aktiengesellschaft Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Rondo Ganahl Aktiengesellschaft Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 114. Rondo Ganahl Aktiengesellschaft Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Nestler Wellpappe Company Information
Table 116. Nestler Wellpappe Description and Business Overview
Table 117. Nestler Wellpappe Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Nestler Wellpappe Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 119. Nestler Wellpappe Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Model Group Company Information
Table 121. Model Group Description and Business Overview
Table 122. Model Group Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Model Group Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 124. Model Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. STI Group Company Information
Table 126. STI Group Description and Business Overview
Table 127. STI Group Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. STI Group Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 129. STI Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. LC Packaging Company Information
Table 131. LC Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 132. LC Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. LC Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 134. LC Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Mondi Company Information
Table 136. Mondi Description and Business Overview
Table 137. Mondi Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Mondi Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 139. Mondi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Rattpack Company Information
Table 141. Rattpack Description and Business Overview
Table 142. Rattpack Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Rattpack Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 144. Rattpack Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Klingele Company Information
Table 146. Klingele Description and Business Overview
Table 147. Klingele Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Klingele Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 149. Klingele Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. VPK Group Company Information
Table 151. VPK Group Description and Business Overview
Table 152. VPK Group Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. VPK Group Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 154. VPK Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Belmont Packaging Company Information
Table 156. Belmont Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 157. Belmont Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Belmont Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 159. Belmont Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Visy Company Information
Table 161. Visy Description and Business Overview
Table 162. Visy Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Visy Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 164. Visy Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. International Paper Company Information
Table 166. International Paper Description and Business Overview
Table 167. International Paper Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. International Paper Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 169. International Paper Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Bandall Company Information
Table 171. Bandall Description and Business Overview
Table 172. Bandall Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Bandall Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 174. Bandall Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. WH Skinner Company Information
Table 176. WH Skinner Description and Business Overview
Table 177. WH Skinner Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. WH Skinner Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 179. WH Skinner Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Cardboard Box Company Information
Table 181. Cardboard Box Description and Business Overview
Table 182. Cardboard Box Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Cardboard Box Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 184. Cardboard Box Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Clifford Packaging Company Information
Table 186. Clifford Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 187. Clifford Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Clifford Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 189. Clifford Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Dunapack Packaging Company Information
Table 191. Dunapack Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 192. Dunapack Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 193. Dunapack Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 194. Dunapack Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. WestRock Company Information
Table 196. WestRock Description and Business Overview
Table 197. WestRock Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 198. WestRock Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 199. WestRock Recent Developments/Updates
Table 200. GWP Company Information
Table 201. GWP Description and Business Overview
Table 202. GWP Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 203. GWP Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 204. GWP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 205. Europac Company Information
Table 206. Europac Description and Business Overview
Table 207. Europac Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 208. Europac Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 209. Europac Recent Developments/Updates
Table 210. Rovema Company Information
Table 211. Rovema Description and Business Overview
Table 212. Rovema Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 213. Rovema Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 214. Rovema Recent Developments/Updates
Table 215. Belmont Packaging Company Information
Table 216. Belmont Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table 217. Belmont Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 218. Belmont Packaging Shelf Ready Packaging Product
Table 219. Belmont Packaging Recent Developments/Updates
Table 220. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 221. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 222. Shelf Ready Packaging Distributors List
Table 223. Shelf Ready Packaging Customers List
Table 224. Shelf Ready Packaging Market Trends
Table 225. Shelf Ready Packaging Market Drivers
Table 226. Shelf Ready Packaging Market Challenges
Table 227. Shelf Ready Packaging Market Restraints
Table 228. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 229. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 230. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 231. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Shelf Ready Packaging
Figure 2. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Value Comparison by Type (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Share by Type: 2024 & 2031
Figure 4. Tray & Hood Product Picture
Figure 5. Tray & Wrap Product Picture
Figure 6. U-Shape Tray & Hood Product Picture
Figure 7. Perforated Carton Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Value by Application (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Share by Application: 2024 & 2031
Figure 10. FMCG
Figure 11. Fresh Snack
Figure 12. Consumer Electronics
Figure 13. Pharmaceuticals
Figure 14. Others
Figure 15. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 16. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Size (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Sales (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 18. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Shelf Ready Packaging Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 22. Global 5 and 10 Largest Shelf Ready Packaging Players: Market Share by Revenue in Shelf Ready Packaging in 2024
Figure 23. Shelf Ready Packaging Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 24. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 26. North America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 27. U.S. Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Canada Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Europe Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Germany Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. France Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. U.K. Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Italy Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Russia Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Asia Pacific Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 38. China Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Japan Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. South Korea Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. India Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Australia Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Taiwan Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Indonesia Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Thailand Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Malaysia Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Philippines Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 49. Latin America Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 50. Mexico Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Brazil Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Argentina Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Middle East and Africa Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Turkey Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Saudi Arabia Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. U.A.E Shelf Ready Packaging Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Global Sales Market Share of Shelf Ready Packaging by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Revenue Market Share of Shelf Ready Packaging by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Sales Market Share of Shelf Ready Packaging by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Revenue Market Share of Shelf Ready Packaging by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Shelf Ready Packaging Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Shelf Ready Packaging Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
Figure 68. Key Executives Interviewed