List of Tables
Table 1. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Value by Packaging Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 4. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 5. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Key Players of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 8. Global Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Pluggable Coherent Optical Module as of 2023)
Table 9. Global Market Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) by Packaging Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) by Packaging Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Packaging Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Packaging Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Packaging Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Packaging Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Packaging Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Packaging Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Packaging Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Packaging Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. NeoPhotonics (Lumentum) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 65. NeoPhotonics (Lumentum) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 66. NeoPhotonics (Lumentum) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. NeoPhotonics (Lumentum) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. NeoPhotonics (Lumentum) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Furukawa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 70. Furukawa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 71. Furukawa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Furukawa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Furukawa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Sumitomo Electric Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 75. Sumitomo Electric Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 76. Sumitomo Electric Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Sumitomo Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Sumitomo Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Acacia Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 80. Acacia Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 81. Acacia Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Acacia Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Acacia Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. AOI Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 85. AOI Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 86. AOI Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. AOI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. AOI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Cisco Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 90. Cisco Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 91. Cisco Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Cisco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Cisco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Broadcom Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 95. Broadcom Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 96. Broadcom Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Broadcom Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Broadcom Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Skylane Optics Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 100. Skylane Optics Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 101. Skylane Optics Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Skylane Optics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Skylane Optics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Arista Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 105. Arista Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 106. Arista Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Arista Networks Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Arista Networks Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Dell Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 110. Dell Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 111. Dell Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Dell Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Dell Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Juniper Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 115. Juniper Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 116. Juniper Networks Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Juniper Networks Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Juniper Networks Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 120. Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 121. Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. Ciena Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 125. Ciena Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 126. Ciena Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. Ciena Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. Ciena Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Coriant Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 130. Coriant Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 131. Coriant Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Coriant Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Coriant Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Gigamon Systems Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 135. Gigamon Systems Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 136. Gigamon Systems Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Gigamon Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Gigamon Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Infinera Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 140. Infinera Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 141. Infinera Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 142. Infinera Main Business and Markets Served
Table 143. Infinera Recent Developments/Updates
Table 144. Mellanox (Nvidia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 145. Mellanox (Nvidia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 146. Mellanox (Nvidia) Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 147. Mellanox (Nvidia) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 148. Mellanox (Nvidia) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 149. Huawei Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 150. Huawei Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 151. Huawei Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 152. Huawei Main Business and Markets Served
Table 153. Huawei Recent Developments/Updates
Table 154. Broadex Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 155. Broadex Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 156. Broadex Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 157. Broadex Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 158. Broadex Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 159. Linktel Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 160. Linktel Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 161. Linktel Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 162. Linktel Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 163. Linktel Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 164. InnoLight Technology Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 165. InnoLight Technology Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 166. InnoLight Technology Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 167. InnoLight Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 168. InnoLight Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 169. Accelink Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 170. Accelink Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 171. Accelink Technologies Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 172. Accelink Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 173. Accelink Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 174. Source Photonics Holdings Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 175. Source Photonics Holdings Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 176. Source Photonics Holdings Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 177. Source Photonics Holdings Main Business and Markets Served
Table 178. Source Photonics Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 179. Gigalight Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Company Information
Table 180. Gigalight Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Specification and Application
Table 181. Gigalight Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 182. Gigalight Main Business and Markets Served
Table 183. Gigalight Recent Developments/Updates
Table 184. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 185. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 186. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Distributors List
Table 187. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Customers List
Table 188. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Trends
Table 189. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Drivers
Table 190. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Challenges
Table 191. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Restraints
Table 192. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 193. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 194. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 195. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module
Figure 2. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Value by Packaging Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Share by Packaging Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. SFP+ Product Picture
Figure 5. SFP 28/56 Product Picture
Figure 6. QSFP28 Product Picture
Figure 7. QSFP-DD Product Picture
Figure 8. QSFP Product Picture
Figure 9. Other Product Picture
Figure 10. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 11. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Data Center Interconnect
Figure 13. Long-Haul Network
Figure 14. Metropolitan Area Network
Figure 15. Research & Education
Figure 16. Other
Figure 17. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 18. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 19. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Capacity (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 20. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 21. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 22. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Report Years Considered
Figure 23. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 24. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2023)
Figure 25. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 26. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Revenue in 2023
Figure 27. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 29. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 30. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 33. China Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 34. Japan Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 35. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 36. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 37. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 38. North America Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 39. U.S. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Canada Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Europe Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 43. Germany Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 44. France Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 45. U.K. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Italy Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Netherlands Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Asia Pacific Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 50. China Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Japan Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 52. South Korea Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 53. China Taiwan Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Southeast Asia Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 55. India Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Mexico Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 59. Brazil Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Israel Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module by Packaging Type (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module by Packaging Type (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Packaging Type (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Global Production Market Share of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 65. Global Production Value Market Share of Pluggable Coherent Optical Module by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. Global Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 67. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Value Chain
Figure 68. Pluggable Coherent Optical Module Production Process
Figure 69. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 70. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 71. Data Triangulation
