List of Tables
Table 1. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine as of 2024)
Table 19. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (K US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (K US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Keyence Corporation Corporation Information
Table 54. Keyence Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Keyence Corporation Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Keyence Corporation Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Keyence Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Keyence Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Keyence Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Keyence Corporation 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Keyence Corporation Recent Developments
Table 62. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 63. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 71. Gravotech Group Corporation Information
Table 72. Gravotech Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Gravotech Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Gravotech Group Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Gravotech Group Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Gravotech Group Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Gravotech Group Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Gravotech Group 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Gravotech Group Recent Developments
Table 80. Trotec Laser GmbH Corporation Information
Table 81. Trotec Laser GmbH Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Trotec Laser GmbH Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Trotec Laser GmbH Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Trotec Laser GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Trotec Laser GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Trotec Laser GmbH Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Trotec Laser GmbH 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Trotec Laser GmbH Recent Developments
Table 89. Epilog Laser Corporation Information
Table 90. Epilog Laser Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Epilog Laser Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Epilog Laser Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Epilog Laser Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Epilog Laser Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Epilog Laser Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Epilog Laser 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Epilog Laser Recent Developments
Table 98. SIC Marking Group Corporation Information
Table 99. SIC Marking Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. SIC Marking Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. SIC Marking Group Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. SIC Marking Group Recent Developments
Table 103. FOBA Laser Marking + Engraving (Alltec GmbH) Corporation Information
Table 104. FOBA Laser Marking + Engraving (Alltec GmbH) Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. FOBA Laser Marking + Engraving (Alltec GmbH) Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. FOBA Laser Marking + Engraving (Alltec GmbH) Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. FOBA Laser Marking + Engraving (Alltec GmbH) Recent Developments
Table 108. Videojet Technologies Inc. Corporation Information
Table 109. Videojet Technologies Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Videojet Technologies Inc. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Videojet Technologies Inc. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Videojet Technologies Inc. Recent Developments
Table 113. TYKMA Electrox Corporation Information
Table 114. TYKMA Electrox Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. TYKMA Electrox Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. TYKMA Electrox Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. TYKMA Electrox Recent Developments
Table 118. Rofin-Sinar Technologies, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 119. Rofin-Sinar Technologies, Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Rofin-Sinar Technologies, Inc. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Rofin-Sinar Technologies, Inc. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Rofin-Sinar Technologies, Inc. Recent Developments
Table 123. Perfect Laser Corporation Information
Table 124. Perfect Laser Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Perfect Laser Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Perfect Laser Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Perfect Laser Recent Developments
Table 128. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 129. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 130. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 131. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 132. Distributors List
Table 133. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 134. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 135. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 136. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 137. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 138. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Product Picture
Figure 2. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. CO2 Laser Marking Machine Product Picture
Figure 4. Fiber Laser Marking Machine Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Automotive
Figure 8. Aerospace
Figure 9. Medical Devices
Figure 10. Electronics Industries
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Report Years Considered
Figure 13. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 18. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 19. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 21. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 22. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 24. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 25. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 26. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 27. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 28. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 29. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 30. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 31. CO2 Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Fiber Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 36. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Global 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 40. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 41. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. North America Top 5 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 43. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 44. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 45. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 46. North America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 47. US 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Canada 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Mexico 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 53. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Europe 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Germany 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. France 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. U.K. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Italy 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Russia 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Asia-Pacific 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 69. Indonesia 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. Japan 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. South Korea 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. China Taiwan 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. India 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 75. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 77. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Central and South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 81. Brazil 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Argentina 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 83. Middle East, and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 87. South America 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 89. Middle East and Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 90. GCC Countries 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Turkey 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. Egypt 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. South Africa 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 94. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 95. Regional 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 96. 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Process
Figure 97. Regional 3D Dynamic Focus Laser Marking Machine Production Cost Structure
Figure 98. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 99. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 100. Data Triangulation
Figure 101. Key Executives Interviewed