List of Tables
Table 1. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Pet Food Extrusion Machines as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. Pet Food Extrusion Machines High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Bühler Corporation Information
Table 54. Bühler Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Bühler Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Bühler Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Bühler Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Bühler Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Bühler Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Bühler Pet Food Extrusion Machines SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Bühler Recent Developments
Table 62. Coperion Corporation Information
Table 63. Coperion Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Coperion Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Coperion Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Coperion Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Coperion Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Coperion Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Coperion Pet Food Extrusion Machines SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Coperion Recent Developments
Table 71. Shandong Arrow Machinery Corporation Information
Table 72. Shandong Arrow Machinery Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Shandong Arrow Machinery Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Shandong Arrow Machinery Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Shandong Arrow Machinery Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Shandong Arrow Machinery Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Shandong Arrow Machinery Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Shandong Arrow Machinery Pet Food Extrusion Machines SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Shandong Arrow Machinery Recent Developments
Table 80. Baker Perkins Corporation Information
Table 81. Baker Perkins Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Baker Perkins Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Baker Perkins Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Baker Perkins Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Baker Perkins Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Baker Perkins Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Baker Perkins Pet Food Extrusion Machines SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Baker Perkins Recent Developments
Table 89. Wenger Corporation Information
Table 90. Wenger Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Wenger Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Wenger Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Wenger Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Wenger Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Wenger Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Wenger Pet Food Extrusion Machines SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Wenger Recent Developments
Table 98. ANDRITZ Corporation Information
Table 99. ANDRITZ Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. ANDRITZ Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. ANDRITZ Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. ANDRITZ Recent Developments
Table 103. IDAH Corporation Information
Table 104. IDAH Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. IDAH Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. IDAH Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. IDAH Recent Developments
Table 108. Brabender Corporation Information
Table 109. Brabender Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Brabender Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Brabender Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Brabender Recent Developments
Table 113. Clextral Corporation Information
Table 114. Clextral Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Clextral Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Clextral Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Clextral Recent Developments
Table 118. FAMSUN Corporation Information
Table 119. FAMSUN Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. FAMSUN Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. FAMSUN Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. FAMSUN Recent Developments
Table 123. Mepaco Corporation Information
Table 124. Mepaco Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Mepaco Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Mepaco Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Mepaco Recent Developments
Table 128. Provisur Technologies Corporation Information
Table 129. Provisur Technologies Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Provisur Technologies Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Provisur Technologies Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Provisur Technologies Recent Developments
Table 133. Reading Bakery Systems Corporation Information
Table 134. Reading Bakery Systems Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Reading Bakery Systems Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Reading Bakery Systems Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Reading Bakery Systems Recent Developments
Table 138. Shandong Saina Machinery Technology Corporation Information
Table 139. Shandong Saina Machinery Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Shandong Saina Machinery Technology Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. Shandong Saina Machinery Technology Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. Shandong Saina Machinery Technology Recent Developments
Table 143. Jinan Darin Machinery Corporation Information
Table 144. Jinan Darin Machinery Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Jinan Darin Machinery Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. Jinan Darin Machinery Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. Jinan Darin Machinery Recent Developments
Table 148. Nanjing Haisi Extrusion Equipment Corporation Information
Table 149. Nanjing Haisi Extrusion Equipment Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. Nanjing Haisi Extrusion Equipment Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 151. Nanjing Haisi Extrusion Equipment Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 152. Nanjing Haisi Extrusion Equipment Recent Developments
Table 153. Leistritz Group Corporation Information
Table 154. Leistritz Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. Leistritz Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 156. Leistritz Group Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 157. Leistritz Group Recent Developments
Table 158. Krauss-Maffei Corporation Information
Table 159. Krauss-Maffei Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. Krauss-Maffei Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 161. Krauss-Maffei Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 162. Krauss-Maffei Recent Developments
Table 163. Battenfeld-Cincinnati Corporation Information
Table 164. Battenfeld-Cincinnati Description and Major Businesses
Table 165. Battenfeld-Cincinnati Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 166. Battenfeld-Cincinnati Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 167. Battenfeld-Cincinnati Recent Developments
Table 168. ENTEK Corporation Information
Table 169. ENTEK Description and Major Businesses
Table 170. ENTEK Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 171. ENTEK Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 172. ENTEK Recent Developments
Table 173. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 174. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 175. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 176. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 177. Distributors List
Table 178. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 179. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 180. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 181. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 182. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 183. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Single Screw Extruders Product Picture
Figure 4. Multi Screw Extruders Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Dry Pet Food
Figure 7. Wet Pet Food
Figure 8. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Report Years Considered
Figure 9. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 14. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 15. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 17. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 18. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 20. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 21. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 22. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 23. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 24. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 25. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 26. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 27. Single Screw Extruders Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 28. Multi Screw Extruders Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 29. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 34. Global Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 35. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 36. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 38. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 39. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 40. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 41. North America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 42. US Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Canada Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Mexico Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 48. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 49. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 50. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Europe Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Germany Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. France Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. U.K. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Italy Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Russia Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 58. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Indonesia Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. Japan Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. South Korea Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. China Taiwan Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. India Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 70. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 72. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 73. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 74. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 75. Central and South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 76. Brazil Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Argentina Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Middle East, and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 79. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 81. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 82. South America Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 85. GCC Countries Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 86. Turkey Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 87. Egypt Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. South Africa Pet Food Extrusion Machines Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 90. Regional Pet Food Extrusion Machines Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 91. Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Process
Figure 92. Regional Pet Food Extrusion Machines Production Cost Structure
Figure 93. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 94. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 95. Data Triangulation
Figure 96. Key Executives Interviewed