List of Tables
Table 1. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Yaskawa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 66. Yaskawa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 67. Yaskawa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Yaskawa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Yaskawa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Parker Hannifin High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 71. Parker Hannifin High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 72. Parker Hannifin High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Parker Hannifin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Parker Hannifin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 76. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 77. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Fanuc Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 81. Fanuc Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 82. Fanuc Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Fanuc Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Fanuc Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Moog High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 86. Moog High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 87. Moog High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Moog Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Moog Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Delta High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 91. Delta High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 92. Delta High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Delta Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Delta Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Omron Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 96. Omron Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 97. Omron Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Omron Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Omron Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Siemens High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 101. Siemens High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 102. Siemens High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Siemens Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Siemens Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Kollmorgen High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 106. Kollmorgen High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 107. Kollmorgen High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Kollmorgen Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Kollmorgen Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Beckhoff Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 111. Beckhoff Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 112. Beckhoff Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Beckhoff Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Beckhoff Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Rockwell Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 116. Rockwell Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 117. Rockwell Automation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Rockwell Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Rockwell Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Hiwin Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 121. Hiwin Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 122. Hiwin Corporation High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Hiwin Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Hiwin Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 126. Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 127. Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Zhuhai Kaibang Motor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. SANYO DENKI High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 131. SANYO DENKI High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 132. SANYO DENKI High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. SANYO DENKI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. SANYO DENKI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. ABB High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 136. ABB High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 137. ABB High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. ABB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. ABB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Rexroth (Bosch) High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 141. Rexroth (Bosch) High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 142. Rexroth (Bosch) High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Rexroth (Bosch) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Rexroth (Bosch) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Panasonic High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 146. Panasonic High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 147. Panasonic High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Nippon Pulse Motor High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 151. Nippon Pulse Motor High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 152. Nippon Pulse Motor High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Nippon Pulse Motor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Nippon Pulse Motor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Shenzhen Hans Motor S&T Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 156. Shenzhen Hans Motor S&T Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 157. Shenzhen Hans Motor S&T Co.,Ltd High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Shenzhen Hans Motor S&T Co.,Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Shenzhen Hans Motor S&T Co.,Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Chieftek Precision High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Company Information
Table 161. Chieftek Precision High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Specification and Application
Table 162. Chieftek Precision High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Chieftek Precision Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Chieftek Precision Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Distributors List
Table 168. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Customers List
Table 169. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Trends
Table 170. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Drivers
Table 171. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Challenges
Table 172. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver
Figure 2. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Servo Motors Product Picture
Figure 5. Servo Drives Product Picture
Figure 6. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Industrial Automation Systems
Figure 9. Semiconductor Equipment
Figure 10. Machine Tools
Figure 11. Electronic Equipment
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Report Years Considered
Figure 19. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. High Performance Linear Servo Motor and Driver Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation