List of Tables
Table 1. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Urban Arrow Corporation Information
Table 54. Urban Arrow Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Urban Arrow Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Urban Arrow Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Urban Arrow Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Urban Arrow Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Urban Arrow Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Urban Arrow Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Urban Arrow Recent Developments
Table 62. Accell Group Corporation Information
Table 63. Accell Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Accell Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Accell Group Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Accell Group Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Accell Group Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Accell Group Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Accell Group Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Accell Group Recent Developments
Table 71. Cero Inc. Corporation Information
Table 72. Cero Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Cero Inc. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Cero Inc. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Cero Inc. Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Cero Inc. Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Cero Inc. Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Cero Inc. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Cero Inc. Recent Developments
Table 80. Riese & Müller Corporation Information
Table 81. Riese & Müller Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Riese & Müller Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Riese & Müller Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Riese & Müller Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Riese & Müller Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Riese & Müller Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Riese & Müller Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Riese & Müller Recent Developments
Table 89. Butchers & Bicycles Corporation Information
Table 90. Butchers & Bicycles Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Butchers & Bicycles Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Butchers & Bicycles Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Butchers & Bicycles Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Butchers & Bicycles Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Butchers & Bicycles Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Butchers & Bicycles Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Butchers & Bicycles Recent Developments
Table 98. Nijland Cycling Corporation Information
Table 99. Nijland Cycling Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Nijland Cycling Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Nijland Cycling Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Nijland Cycling Recent Developments
Table 103. Focus & Kalkhoff Holding Corporation Information
Table 104. Focus & Kalkhoff Holding Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Focus & Kalkhoff Holding Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. Focus & Kalkhoff Holding Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. Focus & Kalkhoff Holding Recent Developments
Table 108. Xtracycle Cargo Bikes Corporation Information
Table 109. Xtracycle Cargo Bikes Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Xtracycle Cargo Bikes Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Xtracycle Cargo Bikes Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Xtracycle Cargo Bikes Recent Developments
Table 113. Aitour eBikes Corporation Information
Table 114. Aitour eBikes Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Aitour eBikes Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Aitour eBikes Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Aitour eBikes Recent Developments
Table 118. Worksman Cycles Corporation Information
Table 119. Worksman Cycles Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Worksman Cycles Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Worksman Cycles Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Worksman Cycles Recent Developments
Table 123. Yuba Bicycles Corporation Information
Table 124. Yuba Bicycles Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Yuba Bicycles Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Yuba Bicycles Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Yuba Bicycles Recent Developments
Table 128. Add Motor Corporation Information
Table 129. Add Motor Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Add Motor Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Add Motor Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Add Motor Recent Developments
Table 133. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 134. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 135. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 136. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 137. Distributors List
Table 138. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 139. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 140. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 141. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 142. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 143. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Front Loading Product Picture
Figure 4. Rear Loading Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Logistics and Transportation
Figure 7. Travel
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Report Years Considered
Figure 10. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 11. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 15. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 16. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 18. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 19. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 21. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 22. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 23. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 24. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 25. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in South Korea (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 26. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Growth Rate in India (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. Front Loading Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Rear Loading Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 41. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 42. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 43. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 44. North America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. US Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Canada Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Mexico Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 51. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Germany Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. France Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. U.K. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Italy Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Russia Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Indonesia Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Japan Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. South Korea Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. China Taiwan Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. India Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 73. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 75. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 76. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Brazil Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Argentina Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Middle East, and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 82. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 85. South America Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. GCC Countries Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Turkey Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Egypt Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. South Africa Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 93. Regional Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 94. Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Process
Figure 95. Regional Electric Cargo Bicycles (eCargo Bike) Production Cost Structure
Figure 96. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 97. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 98. Data Triangulation
Figure 99. Key Executives Interviewed