The global Low-Light Imaging market was valued at US$ 8709.7 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 14670 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Low-Light Imaging Market

The low-light imaging market, by technology, is segmented into CCD and CMOS technologies.

The CMOS technology-based market is expected to dominate during the forecast period. The commanding position of the CMOS technology segment can be attributed to its advantages over CCD technology-based image sensors. Small size, low power consumption, easy integration, faster frame rate, and lower manufacturing cost are among a few of the critical advantages of CMOS low-light image sensors over CCD low-light image sensors.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Low-Light Imaging, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Low-Light Imaging.

Report Scope

The Low-Light Imaging market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Low-Light Imaging market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

The report will help the Low-Light Imaging companies, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, sales volume, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.

Market Segmentation

Scope of Low-Light Imaging Market Report

Report Metric	Details
Report Name	Low-Light Imaging Market
Accounted market size in 2023	US$ 8709.7 million
Forecasted market size in 2030	US$ 14670 million
CAGR	7.3%
Base Year	2023
Forecasted years	2024 - 2030
Segment by Type	CMOS CCD
Segment by Application	Security & Surveillance Monitoring, Inspection & Detection Photography
By Region	North America (United States, Canada) Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia) Rest of Europe Nordic Countries Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea) Southeast Asia (India, Australia) Rest of Asia Latin America (Mexico, Brazil) Rest of Latin America Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of MEA)
By Company	Sony, Samsung Electronics, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, OmniVision Technologies, Teledyne Technologies, Panasonic
Forecast units	USD million in value
Report coverage	Revenue and volume forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors and trends

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces executive summary of global market size, regional market size, this section also introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Low-Light Imaging companies’ competitive landscape, revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa segment by country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 11: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 12: The main points and conclusions of the report.

FAQ for this report

How fast is Low-Light Imaging Market growing?

Ans: The Low-Light Imaging Market witnessing a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

What is the Low-Light Imaging Market size in 2030?

Ans: The Low-Light Imaging Market size in 2030 will be US$ 14670 million.

Who are the main players in the Low-Light Imaging Market report?

Ans: The main players in the Low-Light Imaging Market are Sony, Samsung Electronics, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, OmniVision Technologies, Teledyne Technologies, Panasonic

What are the Application segmentation covered in the Low-Light Imaging Market report?

Ans: The Applications covered in the Low-Light Imaging Market report are Security & Surveillance, Monitoring, Inspection & Detection, Photography

What are the Type segmentation covered in the Low-Light Imaging Market report?

Ans: The Types covered in the Low-Light Imaging Market report are CMOS, CCD

1 Report Overview

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

1.2.2 CMOS

1.2.3 CCD

1.3 Market by Application

1.3.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Growth by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

1.3.2 Security & Surveillance

1.3.3 Monitoring, Inspection & Detection

1.3.4 Photography

1.4 Study Objectives

1.5 Years Considered

1.6 Years Considered

2 Global Growth Trends

2.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Perspective (2019-2030)

2.2 Low-Light Imaging Growth Trends by Region

2.2.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

2.2.2 Low-Light Imaging Historic Market Size by Region (2019-2024)

2.2.3 Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030)

2.3 Low-Light Imaging Market Dynamics

2.3.1 Low-Light Imaging Industry Trends

2.3.2 Low-Light Imaging Market Drivers

2.3.3 Low-Light Imaging Market Challenges

2.3.4 Low-Light Imaging Market Restraints

3 Competition Landscape by Key Players

3.1 Global Top Low-Light Imaging Players by Revenue

3.1.1 Global Top Low-Light Imaging Players by Revenue (2019-2024)

3.1.2 Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)

3.2 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Low-Light Imaging Revenue

3.4 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Concentration Ratio

3.4.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)

3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Low-Light Imaging Revenue in 2023

3.5 Low-Light Imaging Key Players Head office and Area Served

3.6 Key Players Low-Light Imaging Product Solution and Service

3.7 Date of Enter into Low-Light Imaging Market

3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 Low-Light Imaging Breakdown Data by Type

4.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Historic Market Size by Type (2019-2024)

4.2 Global Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)

5 Low-Light Imaging Breakdown Data by Application

5.1 Global Low-Light Imaging Historic Market Size by Application (2019-2024)

5.2 Global Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)

6 North America

6.1 North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size (2019-2030)

6.2 North America Low-Light Imaging Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

6.3 North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024)

6.4 North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030)

6.5 United States

6.6 Canada

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size (2019-2030)

7.2 Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

7.3 Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024)

7.4 Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030)

7.5 Germany

7.6 France

7.7 U.K.

7.8 Italy

7.9 Russia

7.10 Nordic Countries

8 Asia-Pacific

8.1 Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size (2019-2030)

8.2 Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

8.3 Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (2019-2024)

8.4 Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (2025-2030)

8.5 China

8.6 Japan

8.7 South Korea

8.8 Southeast Asia

8.9 India

8.10 Australia

9 Latin America

9.1 Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size (2019-2030)

9.2 Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

9.3 Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024)

9.4 Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030)

9.5 Mexico

9.6 Brazil

10 Middle East & Africa

10.1 Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size (2019-2030)

10.2 Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

10.3 Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024)

10.4 Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030)

10.5 Turkey

10.6 Saudi Arabia

10.7 UAE

11 Key Players Profiles

11.1 Sony

11.1.1 Sony Company Detail

11.1.2 Sony Business Overview

11.1.3 Sony Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.1.4 Sony Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.1.5 Sony Recent Development

11.2 Samsung Electronics

11.2.1 Samsung Electronics Company Detail

11.2.2 Samsung Electronics Business Overview

11.2.3 Samsung Electronics Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.2.4 Samsung Electronics Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.2.5 Samsung Electronics Recent Development

11.3 ON Semiconductor

11.3.1 ON Semiconductor Company Detail

11.3.2 ON Semiconductor Business Overview

11.3.3 ON Semiconductor Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.3.4 ON Semiconductor Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.3.5 ON Semiconductor Recent Development

11.4 STMicroelectronics

11.4.1 STMicroelectronics Company Detail

11.4.2 STMicroelectronics Business Overview

11.4.3 STMicroelectronics Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.4.4 STMicroelectronics Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.4.5 STMicroelectronics Recent Development

11.5 OmniVision Technologies

11.5.1 OmniVision Technologies Company Detail

11.5.2 OmniVision Technologies Business Overview

11.5.3 OmniVision Technologies Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.5.4 OmniVision Technologies Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.5.5 OmniVision Technologies Recent Development

11.6 Teledyne Technologies

11.6.1 Teledyne Technologies Company Detail

11.6.2 Teledyne Technologies Business Overview

11.6.3 Teledyne Technologies Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.6.4 Teledyne Technologies Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.6.5 Teledyne Technologies Recent Development

11.7 Panasonic

11.7.1 Panasonic Company Detail

11.7.2 Panasonic Business Overview

11.7.3 Panasonic Low-Light Imaging Introduction

11.7.4 Panasonic Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

11.7.5 Panasonic Recent Development

12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions

13 Appendix

13.1 Research Methodology

13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.2 Data Source

13.2 Disclaimer

13.3 Author Details

FEATURED COMPANIES

OmniVision Technologies

Teledyne Technologies

Panasonic

List of Tables

Table 1. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 2. Key Players of CMOS

Table 3. Key Players of CCD

Table 4. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 5. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 6. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 7. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Region (2019-2024)

Table 8. Global Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 9. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Region (2025-2030)

Table 10. Low-Light Imaging Market Trends

Table 11. Low-Light Imaging Market Drivers

Table 12. Low-Light Imaging Market Challenges

Table 13. Low-Light Imaging Market Restraints

Table 14. Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue by Players (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 15. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Players (2019-2024)

Table 16. Global Top Low-Light Imaging Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Low-Light Imaging as of 2023)

Table 17. Ranking of Global Top Low-Light Imaging Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2023

Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Low-Light Imaging Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2019-2024)

Table 19. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served

Table 20. Key Players Low-Light Imaging Product Solution and Service

Table 21. Date of Enter into Low-Light Imaging Market

Table 22. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 23. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 24. Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2024)

Table 25. Global Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 26. Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2030)

Table 27. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 28. Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2024)

Table 29. Global Low-Light Imaging Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 30. Global Low-Light Imaging Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2030)

Table 31. North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 32. North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 33. North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 34. Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 35. Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 36. Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 37. Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 38. Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 39. Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 40. Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 41. Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 42. Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 43. Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 44. Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 45. Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 46. Sony Company Detail

Table 47. Sony Business Overview

Table 48. Sony Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 49. Sony Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 50. Sony Recent Development

Table 51. Samsung Electronics Company Detail

Table 52. Samsung Electronics Business Overview

Table 53. Samsung Electronics Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 54. Samsung Electronics Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 55. Samsung Electronics Recent Development

Table 56. ON Semiconductor Company Detail

Table 57. ON Semiconductor Business Overview

Table 58. ON Semiconductor Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 59. ON Semiconductor Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 60. ON Semiconductor Recent Development

Table 61. STMicroelectronics Company Detail

Table 62. STMicroelectronics Business Overview

Table 63. STMicroelectronics Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 64. STMicroelectronics Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 65. STMicroelectronics Recent Development

Table 66. OmniVision Technologies Company Detail

Table 67. OmniVision Technologies Business Overview

Table 68. OmniVision Technologies Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 69. OmniVision Technologies Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 70. OmniVision Technologies Recent Development

Table 71. Teledyne Technologies Company Detail

Table 72. Teledyne Technologies Business Overview

Table 73. Teledyne Technologies Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 74. Teledyne Technologies Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 75. Teledyne Technologies Recent Development

Table 76. Panasonic Company Detail

Table 77. Panasonic Business Overview

Table 78. Panasonic Low-Light Imaging Product

Table 79. Panasonic Revenue in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 80. Panasonic Recent Development

Table 81. Research Programs/Design for This Report

Table 82. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table 83. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List of Figures

Figure 1. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size Comparison by Type (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 2. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 3. CMOS Features

Figure 4. CCD Features

Figure 5. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size Comparison by Application (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 6. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 7. Security & Surveillance Case Studies

Figure 8. Monitoring, Inspection & Detection Case Studies

Figure 9. Photography Case Studies

Figure 10. Low-Light Imaging Report Years Considered

Figure 11. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2019-2030

Figure 12. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Size, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Figure 13. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Region: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 14. Global Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Players in 2023

Figure 15. Global Top Low-Light Imaging Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Low-Light Imaging as of 2023)

Figure 16. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Low-Light Imaging Revenue in 2023

Figure 17. North America Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 18. North America Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 19. United States Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 20. Canada Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 21. Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 22. Europe Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 23. Germany Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 24. France Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 25. U.K. Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 26. Italy Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 27. Russia Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 28. Nordic Countries Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 29. Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 30. Asia-Pacific Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Region (2019-2030)

Figure 31. China Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 32. Japan Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 33. South Korea Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 34. Southeast Asia Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 35. India Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 36. Australia Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 37. Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 38. Latin America Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 39. Mexico Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 40. Brazil Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 41. Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Low-Light Imaging Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 43. Turkey Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 44. Saudi Arabia Low-Light Imaging Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 45. Sony Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 46. Samsung Electronics Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 47. ON Semiconductor Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 48. STMicroelectronics Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 49. OmniVision Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 50. Teledyne Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 51. Panasonic Revenue Growth Rate in Low-Light Imaging Business (2019-2024)

Figure 52. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure 53. Data Triangulation

Figure 54. Key Executives Interviewed

SELECT A FORMAT

Added to Cart

Single User

Electronic (PDF)

$2900

This license allows only one user to access the PDF.

Multi User

Electronic (PDF)

$4350

This license allows 1 - 5 user to access the PDF, license is suitable for small groups of 5 users working together

Enterprise User

Electronic (PDF)

$5800

This license allows users/teams in a same Enterprise to use this report, various departments within an enterpise can use this report

Add to Cart

Buy Now (15% Discount)

HAVE A QUERY?

INQUIRE ABOUT REPORT EMAIL US

OUR CUSTOMER

SIMILAR REPORTS

aluates Reports

Support Contacts

U.S. (TOLL FREE)

+1 (425) 388-2538

sales@valuates.com

THE COMPANY

OUR PRODUCTS

CUSTOMER SUPPORT

CONTACT
FAQ

POLICES

THE COMPANY

ABOUT US

CUSTOMER SUPPORT

CONTACT
FAQ

OUR PRODUCTS

POLICES

Sitemap - Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions