List of Tables
Table 1. Global Implantable Polymer Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Implantable Polymer Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Implantable Polymer Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Implantable Polymer Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Implantable Polymer, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Implantable Polymer as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Implantable Polymer Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Implantable Polymer, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Implantable Polymer, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Implantable Polymer, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Implantable Polymer Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Implantable Polymer Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Implantable Polymer Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Implantable Polymer Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Implantable Polymer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Implantable Polymer Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Implantable Polymer Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Implantable Polymer Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Implantable Polymer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Implantable Polymer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Implantable Polymer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Implantable Polymer Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Implantable Polymer Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Implantable Polymer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Implantable Polymer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 66. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 67. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Freudenberg Medical Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 71. Freudenberg Medical Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 72. Freudenberg Medical Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Freudenberg Medical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Freudenberg Medical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Solvay Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 76. Solvay Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 77. Solvay Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Solvay Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Solvay Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. EPTAM Precision Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 81. EPTAM Precision Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 82. EPTAM Precision Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. EPTAM Precision Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. EPTAM Precision Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Invibio Ltd. Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 86. Invibio Ltd. Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 87. Invibio Ltd. Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Invibio Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Invibio Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Evonik Industries Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 91. Evonik Industries Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 92. Evonik Industries Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Evonik Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Evonik Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Celanese Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 96. Celanese Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 97. Celanese Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Celanese Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Celanese Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Genesis Medical Plastics Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 101. Genesis Medical Plastics Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 102. Genesis Medical Plastics Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Genesis Medical Plastics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Genesis Medical Plastics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. ProMed Pharma Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 106. ProMed Pharma Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 107. ProMed Pharma Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. ProMed Pharma Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. ProMed Pharma Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Victrex plc. Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 111. Victrex plc. Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 112. Victrex plc. Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Victrex plc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Victrex plc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Innovative Polymer Compounds Ltd Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 116. Innovative Polymer Compounds Ltd Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 117. Innovative Polymer Compounds Ltd Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Innovative Polymer Compounds Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Innovative Polymer Compounds Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Foster Corporation Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 121. Foster Corporation Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 122. Foster Corporation Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Foster Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Foster Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Drake Plastics Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 126. Drake Plastics Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 127. Drake Plastics Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Drake Plastics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Drake Plastics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Spectrum Plastics Group Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 131. Spectrum Plastics Group Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 132. Spectrum Plastics Group Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Spectrum Plastics Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Spectrum Plastics Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Aran Biomedical Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 136. Aran Biomedical Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 137. Aran Biomedical Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Aran Biomedical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Aran Biomedical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Poly-Med Incorporated Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 141. Poly-Med Incorporated Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 142. Poly-Med Incorporated Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Poly-Med Incorporated Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Poly-Med Incorporated Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Linkotek Medical Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 146. Linkotek Medical Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 147. Linkotek Medical Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Linkotek Medical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Linkotek Medical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Viant Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 151. Viant Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 152. Viant Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Viant Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Viant Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Anatomics Pty Ltd Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 156. Anatomics Pty Ltd Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 157. Anatomics Pty Ltd Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Anatomics Pty Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Anatomics Pty Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Confluent Medical Technologies Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 161. Confluent Medical Technologies Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 162. Confluent Medical Technologies Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Confluent Medical Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Confluent Medical Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. PMC SMART Solutions, LLC. Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 166. PMC SMART Solutions, LLC. Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 167. PMC SMART Solutions, LLC. Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. PMC SMART Solutions, LLC. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. PMC SMART Solutions, LLC. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Elos Medtech Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 171. Elos Medtech Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 172. Elos Medtech Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Elos Medtech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Elos Medtech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. ATEX Technologies Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 176. ATEX Technologies Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 177. ATEX Technologies Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. ATEX Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. ATEX Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. IMCD Group Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 181. IMCD Group Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 182. IMCD Group Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. IMCD Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. IMCD Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Arctic Biomaterials Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 186. Arctic Biomaterials Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 187. Arctic Biomaterials Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Arctic Biomaterials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Arctic Biomaterials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Tsunamed Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 191. Tsunamed Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 192. Tsunamed Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 193. Tsunamed Main Business and Markets Served
Table 194. Tsunamed Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. Total Plastics Life Sciences Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 196. Total Plastics Life Sciences Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 197. Total Plastics Life Sciences Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 198. Total Plastics Life Sciences Main Business and Markets Served
Table 199. Total Plastics Life Sciences Recent Developments/Updates
Table 200. SINTX Technologies, Inc. Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 201. SINTX Technologies, Inc. Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 202. SINTX Technologies, Inc. Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 203. SINTX Technologies, Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 204. SINTX Technologies, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 205. Lubrizol Corporation Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 206. Lubrizol Corporation Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 207. Lubrizol Corporation Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 208. Lubrizol Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 209. Lubrizol Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 210. Ripple Therapeutics Corporation Implantable Polymer Company Information
Table 211. Ripple Therapeutics Corporation Implantable Polymer Specification and Application
Table 212. Ripple Therapeutics Corporation Implantable Polymer Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 213. Ripple Therapeutics Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 214. Ripple Therapeutics Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 215. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 216. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 217. Implantable Polymer Distributors List
Table 218. Implantable Polymer Customers List
Table 219. Implantable Polymer Market Trends
Table 220. Implantable Polymer Market Drivers
Table 221. Implantable Polymer Market Challenges
Table 222. Implantable Polymer Market Restraints
Table 223. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 224. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 225. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 226. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Implantable Polymer
Figure 2. Global Implantable Polymer Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Implantable Polymer Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Long-Term Implantable Polymers Product Picture
Figure 5. Bioresorbable Polymers Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Implantable Polymer Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Implantable Polymer Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Bone Mineral
Figure 9. Radiopaque Fillers
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Implantable Polymer Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Implantable Polymer Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Implantable Polymer Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Implantable Polymer Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Implantable Polymer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Implantable Polymer Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Implantable Polymer Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Implantable Polymer Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Implantable Polymer Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 24. Global Implantable Polymer Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Implantable Polymer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Global Implantable Polymer Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 30. Global Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 31. North America Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 32. North America Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 33. U.S. Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 34. Canada Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Europe Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Europe Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Germany Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 38. France Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. U.K. Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Italy Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Russia Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 44. China Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Japan Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. South Korea Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. India Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Implantable Polymer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Mexico Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Brazil Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Turkey Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Implantable Polymer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Implantable Polymer by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Implantable Polymer by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Implantable Polymer by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Implantable Polymer by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Implantable Polymer Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Implantable Polymer Value Chain
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 65. Data Triangulation
