List of Tables
Table 1. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Above 100L and below 200L
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Above 200L
Table 4. Major Manufacturers of Below 100L
Table 5. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 11. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 13. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 14. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 15. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 16. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 17. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 20. Global Key Players of CO2 Gassed Incubator, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 21. CO2 Gassed Incubator Price by Manufacturers 2019-2024 (USD/Unit)
Table 22. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in CO2 Gassed Incubator as of 2023)
Table 24. Global Key Manufacturers of CO2 Gassed Incubator, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 25. Global Key Manufacturers of CO2 Gassed Incubator, Product Offered and Application
Table 26. Global Key Manufacturers of CO2 Gassed Incubator, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 27. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 28. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 31. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 32. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 36. CO2 Gassed Incubator Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 37. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/Unit)
Table 38. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 39. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 40. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 41. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 42. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 46. CO2 Gassed Incubator Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 47. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/Unit)
Table 48. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 49. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 50. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 53. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 54. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 57. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 58. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 60. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 61. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 62. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 63. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 65. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 66. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 67. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 68. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 70. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 73. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 74. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 75. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 76. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 78. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 79. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 80. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 83. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 84. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 87. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 88. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 94. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 95. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 96. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 97. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 100. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 101. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 104. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 107. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 108. Thermo Scientific Company Information
Table 109. Thermo Scientific Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Thermo Scientific CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 111. Thermo Scientific CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 112. Thermo Scientific Recent Developments
Table 113. Eppendorf Company Information
Table 114. Eppendorf Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Eppendorf CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 116. Eppendorf CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 117. Eppendorf Recent Developments
Table 118. Panasonic Company Information
Table 119. Panasonic Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Panasonic CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 121. Panasonic CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 122. Panasonic Recent Developments
Table 123. Binder Company Information
Table 124. Binder Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Binder CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 126. Binder CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 127. Binder Recent Developments
Table 128. NuAire Company Information
Table 129. NuAire Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. NuAire CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 131. NuAire CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 132. NuAire Recent Developments
Table 133. LEEC Company Information
Table 134. LEEC Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. LEEC CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 136. LEEC CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 137. LEEC Recent Developments
Table 138. ESCO Company Information
Table 139. ESCO Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. ESCO CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. ESCO CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 142. ESCO Recent Developments
Table 143. Memmert Company Information
Table 144. Memmert Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Memmert CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. Memmert CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 147. Memmert Recent Developments
Table 148. Caron Company Information
Table 149. Caron Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. Caron CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Caron CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 152. Caron Recent Developments
Table 153. Sheldon Manufacturing Company Information
Table 154. Sheldon Manufacturing Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. Sheldon Manufacturing CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 156. Sheldon Manufacturing CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 157. Sheldon Manufacturing Recent Developments
Table 158. Boxun Company Information
Table 159. Boxun Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. Boxun CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 161. Boxun CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 162. Boxun Recent Developments
Table 163. Noki Company Information
Table 164. Noki Description and Major Businesses
Table 165. Noki CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 166. Noki CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 167. Noki Recent Developments
Table 168. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 169. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 170. CO2 Gassed Incubator Distributors List
Table 171. CO2 Gassed Incubator Customers List
Table 172. CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Trends
Table 173. CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Drivers
Table 174. CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Challenges
Table 175. CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Restraints
Table 176. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 177. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 178. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. CO2 Gassed Incubator Product Picture
Figure 2. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2030
Figure 4. Above 100L and below 200L Product Picture
Figure 5. Above 200L Product Picture
Figure 6. Below 100L Product Picture
Figure 7. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2030
Figure 9. Lab
Figure 10. Biotechnology
Figure 11. Agriculture
Figure 12. Other
Figure 13. CO2 Gassed Incubator Report Years Considered
Figure 14. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 15. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue 2019-2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 17. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales 2019-2030 ((K Units)
Figure 19. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 20. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 21. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 23. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 25. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Asia (excluding China) CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 27. Asia (excluding China) CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 29. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. The CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2023
Figure 31. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of CO2 Gassed Incubator in the World: Market Share by CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue in 2023
Figure 32. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 33. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 34. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 35. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Global CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 37. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 38. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 39. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 40. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 41. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 42. US & Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 43. U.S. CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Canada CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 46. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 48. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 49. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 50. Europe CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Germany CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. France CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. U.K. CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Italy CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Russia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. China CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 65. Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 66. Japan CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. South Korea CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. China Taiwan CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Southeast Asia CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. India CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 74. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 75. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 76. Middle East, Africa and Latin America CO2 Gassed Incubator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 77. Brazil CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Mexico CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Turkey CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Israel CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. GCC Countries CO2 Gassed Incubator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. CO2 Gassed Incubator Value Chain
Figure 83. CO2 Gassed Incubator Production Process
Figure 84. Channels of Distribution
Figure 85. Distributors Profiles
Figure 86. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 87. Data Triangulation
Figure 88. Key Executives Interviewed