List of Tables
Table 1. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Heads, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Pump Structure, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 4. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 5. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 6. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 7. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 9. Global Key Players of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 10. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Heavy Duty Slurry Pump as of 2024)
Table 11. Global Market Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump, Product Offered and Application
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 15. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 17. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 20. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 22. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 23. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 25. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 27. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 28. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 29. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 30. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 32. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 33. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 34. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 35. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 36. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 39. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 42. Asia Pacific Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 45. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 46. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) by Heads (2020-2025)
Table 47. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) by Heads (2026-2031)
Table 48. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Heads (2020-2025)
Table 49. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Heads (2026-2031)
Table 50. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) by Heads (2020-2025)
Table 51. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) by Heads (2026-2031)
Table 52. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Heads (2020-2025)
Table 53. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Heads (2026-2031)
Table 54. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Heads (2020-2025)
Table 55. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Heads (2026-2031)
Table 56. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 57. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 58. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 59. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 60. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 61. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 62. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 63. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 64. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 65. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 66. FLSmidth A/S Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 67. FLSmidth A/S Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 68. FLSmidth A/S Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 69. FLSmidth A/S Main Business and Markets Served
Table 70. FLSmidth A/S Recent Developments/Updates
Table 71. EDDY Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 72. EDDY Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 73. EDDY Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 74. EDDY Pump Main Business and Markets Served
Table 75. EDDY Pump Recent Developments/Updates
Table 76. Sulzer Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 77. Sulzer Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 78. Sulzer Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 79. Sulzer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 80. Sulzer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 81. Schurco Slurry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 82. Schurco Slurry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 83. Schurco Slurry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Schurco Slurry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 85. Schurco Slurry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 86. North Ridge Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 87. North Ridge Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 88. North Ridge Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 89. North Ridge Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 90. North Ridge Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 91. The Weir Group Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 92. The Weir Group Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 93. The Weir Group Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 94. The Weir Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 95. The Weir Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 96. Gol Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 97. Gol Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 98. Gol Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 99. Gol Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 100. Gol Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 101. AFEC Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 102. AFEC Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 103. AFEC Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 104. AFEC Pump Main Business and Markets Served
Table 105. AFEC Pump Recent Developments/Updates
Table 106. Amandla Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 107. Amandla Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 108. Amandla Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 109. Amandla Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 110. Amandla Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 111. Goodwin Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 112. Goodwin Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 113. Goodwin Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 114. Goodwin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 115. Goodwin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 116. Tsurumi Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 117. Tsurumi Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 118. Tsurumi Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 119. Tsurumi Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 120. Tsurumi Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 121. Pump & Abrasion Technologies Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 122. Pump & Abrasion Technologies Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 123. Pump & Abrasion Technologies Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 124. Pump & Abrasion Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 125. Pump & Abrasion Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 126. XYLEM Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 127. XYLEM Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 128. XYLEM Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 129. XYLEM Main Business and Markets Served
Table 130. XYLEM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 131. Whisper Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 132. Whisper Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 133. Whisper Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 134. Whisper Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 135. Whisper Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 136. Kelair Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 137. Kelair Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 138. Kelair Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 139. Kelair Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 140. Kelair Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 141. Grundfos Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 142. Grundfos Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 143. Grundfos Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 144. Grundfos Main Business and Markets Served
Table 145. Grundfos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 146. EBARA Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 147. EBARA Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 148. EBARA Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 149. EBARA Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 150. EBARA Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 151. Wilfley Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 152. Wilfley Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 153. Wilfley Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 154. Wilfley Main Business and Markets Served
Table 155. Wilfley Recent Developments/Updates
Table 156. Naipu Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 157. Naipu Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 158. Naipu Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 159. Naipu Pump Main Business and Markets Served
Table 160. Naipu Pump Recent Developments/Updates
Table 161. Keystone Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 162. Keystone Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 163. Keystone Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 164. Keystone Main Business and Markets Served
Table 165. Keystone Recent Developments/Updates
Table 166. Hart Slurry Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 167. Hart Slurry Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 168. Hart Slurry Pumps Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 169. Hart Slurry Pumps Main Business and Markets Served
Table 170. Hart Slurry Pumps Recent Developments/Updates
Table 171. Hebei Fengbaili Pump Industry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 172. Hebei Fengbaili Pump Industry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 173. Hebei Fengbaili Pump Industry Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 174. Hebei Fengbaili Pump Industry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 175. Hebei Fengbaili Pump Industry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 176. Kingda Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Company Information
Table 177. Kingda Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Specification and Application
Table 178. Kingda Pump Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 179. Kingda Pump Main Business and Markets Served
Table 180. Kingda Pump Recent Developments/Updates
Table 181. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 182. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 183. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Distributors List
Table 184. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Customers List
Table 185. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Trends
Table 186. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Drivers
Table 187. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Challenges
Table 188. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Restraints
Table 189. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 190. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 191. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 192. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump
Figure 2. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Heads, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Share by Heads: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. 180 ft Product Picture
Figure 5. 312 ft Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Pump Structure, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Share by Pump Structure: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Horizontal Product Picture
Figure 9. Vertical Product Picture
Figure 10. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 11. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Mineral Processing
Figure 13. Dredging Engineering
Figure 14. Others
Figure 15. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 16. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Report Years Considered
Figure 21. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 22. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 23. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 24. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Revenue in 2024
Figure 25. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 28. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 29. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. China Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Japan Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 34. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 35. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. North America Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 37. U.S. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Canada Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Europe Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Germany Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. France Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. U.K. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Italy Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Netherlands Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 48. China Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Japan Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. South Korea Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. China Taiwan Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Southeast Asia Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. India Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Mexico Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Brazil Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Turkey Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 59. GCC Countries Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump by Heads (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump by Heads (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Heads (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Market Share of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Production Value Market Share of Heavy Duty Slurry Pump by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Global Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Heavy Duty Slurry Pump Value Chain
Figure 67. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 68. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 69. Data Triangulation
