List of Tables
Table 1. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 2. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 3. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2031
Table 4. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 5. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Forecast by Region (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 6. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Volume by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 9. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Volume by Type (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 10. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Forecast by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Volume by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 13. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Volume by Application (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 14. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Manufacturer (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 17. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Share by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
Table 18. Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Share by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
Table 20. Key Manufacturers Silver Sintering Paste Price (2020-2025) & (US$/g)
Table 21. Ranking of Global Top Silver Sintering Paste Manufacturers by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Table 22. Global Silver Sintering Paste Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) & (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Silver Sintering Paste by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Silver Sintering Paste as of 2024)
Table 24. Silver Sintering Paste Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 25. Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Silver Sintering Paste Market
Table 26. Manufacturers Silver Sintering Paste Product Type and Application
Table 27. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 28. Heraeus Electronics Company Information
Table 29. Heraeus Electronics Description and Business Overview
Table 30. Heraeus Electronics Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 31. Heraeus Electronics Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 32. Heraeus Electronics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 33. Heraeus Electronics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 34. Heraeus Electronics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 35. Heraeus Electronics Recent Developments
Table 36. Kyocera Company Information
Table 37. Kyocera Description and Business Overview
Table 38. Kyocera Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 39. Kyocera Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 40. Kyocera Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 41. Kyocera Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 42. Kyocera Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 43. Kyocera Recent Developments
Table 44. Indium Company Information
Table 45. Indium Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Indium Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 47. Indium Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 48. Indium Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 49. Indium Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 50. Indium Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 51. Indium Recent Developments
Table 52. Alpha Assembly Solutions Company Information
Table 53. Alpha Assembly Solutions Description and Business Overview
Table 54. Alpha Assembly Solutions Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 55. Alpha Assembly Solutions Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 56. Alpha Assembly Solutions Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 57. Alpha Assembly Solutions Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 58. Alpha Assembly Solutions Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 59. Alpha Assembly Solutions Recent Developments
Table 60. Henkel Company Information
Table 61. Henkel Description and Business Overview
Table 62. Henkel Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 63. Henkel Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 64. Henkel Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 65. Henkel Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 66. Henkel Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 67. Henkel Recent Developments
Table 68. Namics Company Information
Table 69. Namics Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Namics Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 71. Namics Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 72. Namics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 73. Namics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 74. Namics Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 75. Namics Recent Developments
Table 76. Advanced Joining Technology Company Information
Table 77. Advanced Joining Technology Description and Business Overview
Table 78. Advanced Joining Technology Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 79. Advanced Joining Technology Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 80. Advanced Joining Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 81. Advanced Joining Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 82. Advanced Joining Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 83. Advanced Joining Technology Recent Developments
Table 84. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Company Information
Table 85. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 87. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 89. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 90. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 91. Shenzhen Facemoore Technology Recent Developments
Table 92. TANAKA Precious Metals Company Information
Table 93. TANAKA Precious Metals Description and Business Overview
Table 94. TANAKA Precious Metals Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 95. TANAKA Precious Metals Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 96. TANAKA Precious Metals Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 97. TANAKA Precious Metals Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 98. TANAKA Precious Metals Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 99. TANAKA Precious Metals Recent Developments
Table 100. Nihon Superior Company Information
Table 101. Nihon Superior Description and Business Overview
Table 102. Nihon Superior Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 103. Nihon Superior Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 104. Nihon Superior Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 105. Nihon Superior Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 106. Nihon Superior Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 107. Nihon Superior Recent Developments
Table 108. Nihon Handa Company Information
Table 109. Nihon Handa Description and Business Overview
Table 110. Nihon Handa Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 111. Nihon Handa Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Nihon Handa Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 113. Nihon Handa Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 114. Nihon Handa Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 115. Nihon Handa Recent Developments
Table 116. NBE Tech Company Information
Table 117. NBE Tech Description and Business Overview
Table 118. NBE Tech Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 119. NBE Tech Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 120. NBE Tech Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 121. NBE Tech Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 122. NBE Tech Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 123. NBE Tech Recent Developments
Table 124. Sumitomo Bakelite Company Information
Table 125. Sumitomo Bakelite Description and Business Overview
Table 126. Sumitomo Bakelite Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 127. Sumitomo Bakelite Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Sumitomo Bakelite Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 129. Sumitomo Bakelite Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 130. Sumitomo Bakelite Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 131. Sumitomo Bakelite Recent Developments
Table 132. Celanese Company Information
Table 133. Celanese Description and Business Overview
Table 134. Celanese Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 135. Celanese Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 136. Celanese Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 137. Celanese Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 138. Celanese Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 139. Celanese Recent Developments
Table 140. Solderwell Advanced Materials Company Information
Table 141. Solderwell Advanced Materials Description and Business Overview
Table 142. Solderwell Advanced Materials Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 143. Solderwell Advanced Materials Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 144. Solderwell Advanced Materials Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 145. Solderwell Advanced Materials Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 146. Solderwell Advanced Materials Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 147. Solderwell Advanced Materials Recent Developments
Table 148. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Company Information
Table 149. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Description and Business Overview
Table 150. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 151. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 152. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 153. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 154. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 155. Guangzhou Xianyi Electronic Technology Recent Developments
Table 156. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Company Information
Table 157. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Description and Business Overview
Table 158. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 159. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 160. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 161. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 162. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 163. ShareX (Zhejiang) New Material Technology Recent Developments
Table 164. Bando Chemical Industries Company Information
Table 165. Bando Chemical Industries Description and Business Overview
Table 166. Bando Chemical Industries Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 167. Bando Chemical Industries Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Bando Chemical Industries Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 169. Bando Chemical Industries Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 170. Bando Chemical Industries Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 171. Bando Chemical Industries Recent Developments
Table 172. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Company Information
Table 173. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Description and Business Overview
Table 174. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Silver Sintering Paste Product
Table 175. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Silver Sintering Paste Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/g) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 176. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Product in 2024
Table 177. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Application in 2024
Table 178. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Sales Proportion of Silver Sintering Paste by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 179. Shenzhen Jufeng Solder Recent Developments
Table 180. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 181. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 182. North America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 183. North America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 184. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 185. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 186. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 187. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 188. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 189. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 190. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 191. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 192. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 193. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 194. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 195. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 196. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 197. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 198. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 199. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 200. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 201. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 202. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 203. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 204. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 205. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (Kg)
Table 206. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 207. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 208. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 209. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kg)
Table 210. Silver Sintering Paste Key Raw Materials, Industry Status and Trend
Table 211. Silver Sintering Paste Key Raw Materials and Upstream Suppliers
Table 212. Silver Sintering Paste Clients Status and Trend
Table 213. Silver Sintering Paste Typical Clients
Table 214. Silver Sintering Paste Distributors
Table 215. Silver Sintering Paste Market Trends
Table 216. Silver Sintering Paste Market Drivers
Table 217. Silver Sintering Paste Market Challenges
Table 218. Silver Sintering Paste Market Restraints
Table 219. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 220. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 221. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 222. QYR Business Unit and Senior & Team Lead Analysts
List of Figures
Figure 1. Silver Sintering Paste Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 3. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type in 2024 & 2031
Figure 4. Pressure Sintering Product Picture
Figure 5. Pressure-less Sintering Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 7. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application in 2024 & 2031
Figure 8. Power Semiconductor Device
Figure 9. RF Power Device
Figure 10. High Performance LED
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Silver Sintering Paste Report Years Considered
Figure 13. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Silver Sintering Paste Market Size 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales 2020-2031 (Kg)
Figure 16. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Silver Sintering Paste Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2020-2025) & (US$/g)
Figure 21. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Global Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Silver Sintering Paste Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2020-2025) & (US$/g)
Figure 24. Pressure Sintering of Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Application, 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Pressure-less Sintering of Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Application, 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Silver Sintering Paste Sales Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 27. Silver Sintering Paste Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 28. Pressure Sintering Market Sales Proportion by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 29. Pressure-less Sintering Market Sales Proportion by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. North America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 32. North America Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Revenue 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 37. Asia-Pacific Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 38. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 42. Europe Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 43. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 45. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
Figure 46. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 47. Latin America Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 48. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 50. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 52. Middle East and Africa Silver Sintering Paste Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 53. Silver Sintering Paste Supply Chain (Upstream and Downstream Market)
Figure 54. Global Production Market Share of Silver Sintering Paste Raw Materials by Region in 2024
Figure 55. Silver Sintering Paste Distribution Channels
Figure 56. Global Silver Sintering Paste Percentage 2020-2031: Indirect Sales VS Direct Sales
Figure 57. Global Silver Sintering Paste Percentage 2020-2031: Online Sales VS Offline Sales
Figure 58. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 59. Data Triangulation
Figure 60. Key Executives Interviewed