List of Tables
Table 1. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Water Cooling Ozone Generators, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Water Cooling Ozone Generators as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Water Cooling Ozone Generators Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Water Cooling Ozone Generators, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Water Cooling Ozone Generators, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Water Cooling Ozone Generators, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Lenntech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 66. Lenntech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 67. Lenntech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Lenntech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Lenntech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Absolute Systems Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 71. Absolute Systems Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 72. Absolute Systems Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Absolute Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Absolute Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. BWT Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 76. BWT Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 77. BWT Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. BWT Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. BWT Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Ozonia (Suez) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 81. Ozonia (Suez) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 82. Ozonia (Suez) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Ozonia (Suez) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Ozonia (Suez) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Wedeco (Xylem) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 86. Wedeco (Xylem) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 87. Wedeco (Xylem) Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Wedeco (Xylem) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Wedeco (Xylem) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. VEK Environmental Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 91. VEK Environmental Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 92. VEK Environmental Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. VEK Environmental Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. VEK Environmental Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. BiOzone Corporation Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 96. BiOzone Corporation Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 97. BiOzone Corporation Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. BiOzone Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. BiOzone Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Mitsubishi Electri Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 101. Mitsubishi Electri Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 102. Mitsubishi Electri Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Mitsubishi Electri Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Mitsubishi Electri Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Toshiba Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 106. Toshiba Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 107. Toshiba Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Toshiba Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Toshiba Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Primozone Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 111. Primozone Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 112. Primozone Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Primozone Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Primozone Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Metawater Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 116. Metawater Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 117. Metawater Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Metawater Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Metawater Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 121. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 122. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. MKS Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 126. MKS Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 127. MKS Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. MKS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. MKS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. DEL Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 131. DEL Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 132. DEL Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. DEL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. DEL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. ESCO lnternational Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 136. ESCO lnternational Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 137. ESCO lnternational Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. ESCO lnternational Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. ESCO lnternational Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Qingdao Guolin Industry Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 141. Qingdao Guolin Industry Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 142. Qingdao Guolin Industry Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Qingdao Guolin Industry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Qingdao Guolin Industry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Newland EnTech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 146. Newland EnTech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 147. Newland EnTech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Newland EnTech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Newland EnTech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Koner Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 151. Koner Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 152. Koner Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Koner Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Koner Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Taixing Gaoxin Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 156. Taixing Gaoxin Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 157. Taixing Gaoxin Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Taixing Gaoxin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Taixing Gaoxin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Jiuzhoulong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 161. Jiuzhoulong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 162. Jiuzhoulong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Jiuzhoulong Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Jiuzhoulong Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Tonglin Technology Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 166. Tonglin Technology Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 167. Tonglin Technology Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Tonglin Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Tonglin Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Hengdong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 171. Hengdong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 172. Hengdong Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Hengdong Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Hengdong Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Sankang Envi-tech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 176. Sankang Envi-tech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 177. Sankang Envi-tech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Sankang Envi-tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Sankang Envi-tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 181. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 182. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Ozono Elettronica Internazionale Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Netech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Company Information
Table 186. Netech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Specification and Application
Table 187. Netech Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Netech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Netech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Distributors List
Table 193. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Customers List
Table 194. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Trends
Table 195. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Drivers
Table 196. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Challenges
Table 197. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Water Cooling Ozone Generators
Figure 2. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Low Frequency Ozone Generator Product Picture
Figure 5. Medium Frequency Ozone Generator Product Picture
Figure 6. High Frequency Ozone Generator Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Potable Water Treatment
Figure 10. Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Figure 11. Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Figure 12. Gas Disinfection
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Water Cooling Ozone Generators Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 27. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Water Cooling Ozone Generators Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. North America Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Canada Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. France Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Italy Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Japan Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. India Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Turkey Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. GCC Countries Water Cooling Ozone Generators Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Water Cooling Ozone Generators by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Water Cooling Ozone Generators by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Water Cooling Ozone Generators by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Water Cooling Ozone Generators by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Water Cooling Ozone Generators Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Water Cooling Ozone Generators Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
