List of Tables
Table 1. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Stationary Fume Extractor, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Stationary Fume Extractor as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Stationary Fume Extractor Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Stationary Fume Extractor, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Stationary Fume Extractor, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Stationary Fume Extractor, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Gravotech Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 66. Gravotech Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 67. Gravotech Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Gravotech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Gravotech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Purex International Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 71. Purex International Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 72. Purex International Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Purex International Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Purex International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. BOFA International Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 76. BOFA International Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 77. BOFA International Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. BOFA International Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. BOFA International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Kemper America Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 81. Kemper America Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 82. Kemper America Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Kemper America Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Kemper America Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. PLYMOVENT Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 86. PLYMOVENT Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 87. PLYMOVENT Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. PLYMOVENT Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. PLYMOVENT Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. KLIMAWENT Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 91. KLIMAWENT Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 92. KLIMAWENT Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. KLIMAWENT Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. KLIMAWENT Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. ULT Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 96. ULT Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 97. ULT Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. ULT Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. ULT Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Koike Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 101. Koike Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 102. Koike Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Koike Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Koike Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. DEPURECO INDUSTRIAL VACUUMS Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 106. DEPURECO INDUSTRIAL VACUUMS Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 107. DEPURECO INDUSTRIAL VACUUMS Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. DEPURECO INDUSTRIAL VACUUMS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. DEPURECO INDUSTRIAL VACUUMS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Diversitech Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 111. Diversitech Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 112. Diversitech Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Diversitech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Diversitech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Lasermet Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 116. Lasermet Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 117. Lasermet Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Lasermet Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Lasermet Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Ersa GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 121. Ersa GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 122. Ersa GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Ersa GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Ersa GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. ESTA Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 126. ESTA Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 127. ESTA Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. ESTA Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. ESTA Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. NESTRO Lufttechnik GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 131. NESTRO Lufttechnik GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 132. NESTRO Lufttechnik GmbH Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. NESTRO Lufttechnik GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. NESTRO Lufttechnik GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Lincoln Electric Deutschland Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 136. Lincoln Electric Deutschland Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 137. Lincoln Electric Deutschland Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Lincoln Electric Deutschland Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Lincoln Electric Deutschland Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. NOVUS Verfahrenstechnik GmbH & Co KG Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 141. NOVUS Verfahrenstechnik GmbH & Co KG Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 142. NOVUS Verfahrenstechnik GmbH & Co KG Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. NOVUS Verfahrenstechnik GmbH & Co KG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. NOVUS Verfahrenstechnik GmbH & Co KG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. AERSERVICE EQUIPMENTS SRL Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 146. AERSERVICE EQUIPMENTS SRL Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 147. AERSERVICE EQUIPMENTS SRL Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. AERSERVICE EQUIPMENTS SRL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. AERSERVICE EQUIPMENTS SRL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. MENEGON Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 151. MENEGON Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 152. MENEGON Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. MENEGON Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. MENEGON Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. NEDERMAN Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 156. NEDERMAN Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 157. NEDERMAN Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. NEDERMAN Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. NEDERMAN Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Avani Environmental Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 161. Avani Environmental Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 162. Avani Environmental Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Avani Environmental Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Avani Environmental Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Coral Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 166. Coral Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 167. Coral Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Coral Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Coral Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. DONALDSON Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 171. DONALDSON Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 172. DONALDSON Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. DONALDSON Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. DONALDSON Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Engmar Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 176. Engmar Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 177. Engmar Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Engmar Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Engmar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. FILCAR Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 181. FILCAR Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 182. FILCAR Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. FILCAR Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. FILCAR Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. SARRALLE Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 186. SARRALLE Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 187. SARRALLE Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. SARRALLE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. SARRALLE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. SovPlym JSC Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 191. SovPlym JSC Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 192. SovPlym JSC Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 193. SovPlym JSC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 194. SovPlym JSC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. Industrial Maid Stationary Fume Extractor Company Information
Table 196. Industrial Maid Stationary Fume Extractor Specification and Application
Table 197. Industrial Maid Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 198. Industrial Maid Main Business and Markets Served
Table 199. Industrial Maid Recent Developments/Updates
Table 200. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 201. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 202. Stationary Fume Extractor Distributors List
Table 203. Stationary Fume Extractor Customers List
Table 204. Stationary Fume Extractor Market Trends
Table 205. Stationary Fume Extractor Market Drivers
Table 206. Stationary Fume Extractor Market Challenges
Table 207. Stationary Fume Extractor Market Restraints
Table 208. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 209. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 210. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 211. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Stationary Fume Extractor
Figure 2. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Floor-Standing Product Picture
Figure 5. Wall-Mounted Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Industrial
Figure 9. Laboratory
Figure 10. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 11. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 12. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Stationary Fume Extractor Report Years Considered
Figure 16. Stationary Fume Extractor Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 17. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 18. Stationary Fume Extractor Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Stationary Fume Extractor Revenue in 2024
Figure 20. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 22. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 23. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 25. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. China Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Japan Stationary Fume Extractor Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 29. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 30. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 31. North America Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 32. U.S. Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 33. Canada Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Germany Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. France Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.K. Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Italy Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Netherlands Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 43. China Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Japan Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. South Korea Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. China Taiwan Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. India Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Mexico Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Turkey Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. GCC Countries Stationary Fume Extractor Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of Stationary Fume Extractor by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of Stationary Fume Extractor by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Stationary Fume Extractor by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Stationary Fume Extractor by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Stationary Fume Extractor Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Stationary Fume Extractor Value Chain
Figure 62. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 63. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 64. Data Triangulation
