List of Tables
Table 1. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Meter)
Table 7. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Meter)
Table 8. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Meter)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Meter)
Table 11. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Production by Region (2020-2025) & (K Meter)
Table 12. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Production by Region (2026-2031) & (K Meter)
Table 13. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Meter)
Table 14. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global HDPE Carat Pipes by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in HDPE Carat Pipes as of 2024)
Table 19. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Meter)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (K Meter)
Table 26. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (K Meter)
Table 27. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global HDPE Carat Pipes ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Meter)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (K Meter)
Table 32. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (K Meter)
Table 33. HDPE Carat Pipes High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global HDPE Carat Pipes ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Meter)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales (K Meter) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales (K Meter) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales (K Meter) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Pexmart Corporation Information
Table 54. Pexmart Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Pexmart Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Pexmart Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Pexmart Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Pexmart Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Pexmart Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Pexmart HDPE Carat Pipes SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Pexmart Recent Developments
Table 62. Hebeish Group Corporation Information
Table 63. Hebeish Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Hebeish Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Hebeish Group Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Hebeish Group Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Hebeish Group Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Hebeish Group Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Hebeish Group HDPE Carat Pipes SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Hebeish Group Recent Developments
Table 71. Konti Hidroplast Corporation Information
Table 72. Konti Hidroplast Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Konti Hidroplast Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Konti Hidroplast Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Konti Hidroplast Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Konti Hidroplast Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Konti Hidroplast Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Konti Hidroplast HDPE Carat Pipes SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Konti Hidroplast Recent Developments
Table 80. ZINPLAST Corporation Information
Table 81. ZINPLAST Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. ZINPLAST Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. ZINPLAST Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. ZINPLAST Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. ZINPLAST Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. ZINPLAST Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. ZINPLAST HDPE Carat Pipes SWOT Analysis
Table 88. ZINPLAST Recent Developments
Table 89. LESSO Corporation Information
Table 90. LESSO Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. LESSO Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. LESSO Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. LESSO Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. LESSO Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. LESSO Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. LESSO HDPE Carat Pipes SWOT Analysis
Table 97. LESSO Recent Developments
Table 98. Zhongcai Pipes Corporation Information
Table 99. Zhongcai Pipes Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Zhongcai Pipes Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Zhongcai Pipes Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Zhongcai Pipes Recent Developments
Table 103. RIFENG Corporation Information
Table 104. RIFENG Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. RIFENG Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. RIFENG Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. RIFENG Recent Developments
Table 108. Fujian Newchoice Pipe Technology Corporation Information
Table 109. Fujian Newchoice Pipe Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Fujian Newchoice Pipe Technology Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Fujian Newchoice Pipe Technology Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Fujian Newchoice Pipe Technology Recent Developments
Table 113. Tongyuan Pipeline Corporation Information
Table 114. Tongyuan Pipeline Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Tongyuan Pipeline Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Tongyuan Pipeline Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Tongyuan Pipeline Recent Developments
Table 118. ERA Corporation Information
Table 119. ERA Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. ERA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. ERA Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. ERA Recent Developments
Table 123. Hebei Wanlitai Olive Pipe Corporation Information
Table 124. Hebei Wanlitai Olive Pipe Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Hebei Wanlitai Olive Pipe Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Hebei Wanlitai Olive Pipe Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Hebei Wanlitai Olive Pipe Recent Developments
Table 128. Zhongtong Pipe Corporation Information
Table 129. Zhongtong Pipe Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Zhongtong Pipe Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Zhongtong Pipe Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Zhongtong Pipe Recent Developments
Table 133. Tongcheng Wanfang Pipe Industry Corporation Information
Table 134. Tongcheng Wanfang Pipe Industry Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Tongcheng Wanfang Pipe Industry Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Tongcheng Wanfang Pipe Industry Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Tongcheng Wanfang Pipe Industry Recent Developments
Table 138. Shengtong Building Materials Corporation Information
Table 139. Shengtong Building Materials Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Shengtong Building Materials Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. Shengtong Building Materials Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. Shengtong Building Materials Recent Developments
Table 143. Ganxin Pipeline Corporation Information
Table 144. Ganxin Pipeline Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Ganxin Pipeline Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. Ganxin Pipeline Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. Ganxin Pipeline Recent Developments
Table 148. Dudeli Corporation Information
Table 149. Dudeli Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. Dudeli Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 151. Dudeli Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 152. Dudeli Recent Developments
Table 153. Shandong Guotong Corporation Information
Table 154. Shandong Guotong Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. Shandong Guotong Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 156. Shandong Guotong Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 157. Shandong Guotong Recent Developments
Table 158. Shandong Yuchen Pipe Industry Corporation Information
Table 159. Shandong Yuchen Pipe Industry Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. Shandong Yuchen Pipe Industry Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 161. Shandong Yuchen Pipe Industry Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 162. Shandong Yuchen Pipe Industry Recent Developments
Table 163. Unified Plastic Pipe Industry Corporation Information
Table 164. Unified Plastic Pipe Industry Description and Major Businesses
Table 165. Unified Plastic Pipe Industry Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 166. Unified Plastic Pipe Industry Capacity, Sales (K Meter), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Meter) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 167. Unified Plastic Pipe Industry Recent Developments
Table 168. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 169. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 170. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 171. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 172. Distributors List
Table 173. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 174. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 175. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 176. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 177. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 178. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. HDPE Carat Pipes Product Picture
Figure 2. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. 1000mm Below Product Picture
Figure 4. 1000-2000mm Product Picture
Figure 5. 2000-3000mm Product Picture
Figure 6. 3000mm Above Product Picture
Figure 7. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Water Supply
Figure 9. Sewage Systems
Figure 10. Agricultural Applications
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. HDPE Carat Pipes Report Years Considered
Figure 13. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 18. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (K Meter)
Figure 19. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 21. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (K Meter)
Figure 22. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 24. HDPE Carat Pipes Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 25. HDPE Carat Pipes Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 26. HDPE Carat Pipes Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 27. HDPE Carat Pipes Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 28. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 29. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 30. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 31. 1000mm Below Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. 1000-2000mm Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. 2000-3000mm Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. 3000mm Above Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 36. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 37. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Global HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 41. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 42. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. North America Top 5 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 44. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 45. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 46. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 47. North America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 48. US HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Canada HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Mexico HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 52. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 54. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Europe HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Germany HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. France HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. U.K. HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Italy HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Russia HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 68. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 69. Asia-Pacific HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 70. Indonesia HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Japan HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. South Korea HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. China Taiwan HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. India HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 76. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 78. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 81. Central and South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 82. Brazil HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 83. Argentina HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Middle East, and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Meter)
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 88. South America HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 89. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Volume (K Meter) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 90. Middle East and Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 91. GCC Countries HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. Turkey HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. Egypt HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 94. South Africa HDPE Carat Pipes Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 95. HDPE Carat Pipes Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 96. Regional HDPE Carat Pipes Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 97. HDPE Carat Pipes Production Process
Figure 98. Regional HDPE Carat Pipes Production Cost Structure
Figure 99. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 100. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 101. Data Triangulation
Figure 102. Key Executives Interviewed
