List of Tables
Table 1. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 2. Key Players of Immediate Phone Interpreting
Table 3. Key Players of Pre-booked Phone Interpreting
Table 4. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 5. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 6. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Forecasted Market Size by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 10. Telephone Interpreting Service Market Trends
Table 11. Telephone Interpreting Service Market Drivers
Table 12. Telephone Interpreting Service Market Challenges
Table 13. Telephone Interpreting Service Market Restraints
Table 14. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue by Players (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Players (2020-2025)
Table 16. Global Top Telephone Interpreting Service Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service as of 2024)
Table 17. Ranking of Global Top Telephone Interpreting Service Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Key Players of Telephone Interpreting Service, Headquarters and Area Served
Table 20. Global Key Players of Telephone Interpreting Service, Product and Application
Table 21. Global Key Players of Telephone Interpreting Service, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 22. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 23. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 25. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 27. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 29. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 31. North America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 32. North America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. North America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 35. Europe Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Asia-Pacific Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 38. Asia-Pacific Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 41. Latin America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Latin America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Middle East & Africa Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 44. Middle East & Africa Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 46. LinguaLinx Company Details
Table 47. LinguaLinx Business Overview
Table 48. LinguaLinx Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 49. LinguaLinx Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. LinguaLinx Recent Development
Table 51. PoliLingua Company Details
Table 52. PoliLingua Business Overview
Table 53. PoliLingua Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 54. PoliLingua Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. PoliLingua Recent Development
Table 56. LanguageLine Company Details
Table 57. LanguageLine Business Overview
Table 58. LanguageLine Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 59. LanguageLine Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. LanguageLine Recent Development
Table 61. MultiLingual Solutions Company Details
Table 62. MultiLingual Solutions Business Overview
Table 63. MultiLingual Solutions Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 64. MultiLingual Solutions Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 65. MultiLingual Solutions Recent Development
Table 66. DTS Language Services Company Details
Table 67. DTS Language Services Business Overview
Table 68. DTS Language Services Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 69. DTS Language Services Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. DTS Language Services Recent Development
Table 71. DayInterpreting Company Details
Table 72. DayInterpreting Business Overview
Table 73. DayInterpreting Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 74. DayInterpreting Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. DayInterpreting Recent Development
Table 76. Interpreters Unlimited Company Details
Table 77. Interpreters Unlimited Business Overview
Table 78. Interpreters Unlimited Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 79. Interpreters Unlimited Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Interpreters Unlimited Recent Development
Table 81. Global Voices Company Details
Table 82. Global Voices Business Overview
Table 83. Global Voices Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 84. Global Voices Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Global Voices Recent Development
Table 86. Alpha Omega Translations Company Details
Table 87. Alpha Omega Translations Business Overview
Table 88. Alpha Omega Translations Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 89. Alpha Omega Translations Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Alpha Omega Translations Recent Development
Table 91. TTG Company Details
Table 92. TTG Business Overview
Table 93. TTG Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 94. TTG Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. TTG Recent Development
Table 96. Semantix Company Details
Table 97. Semantix Business Overview
Table 98. Semantix Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 99. Semantix Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Semantix Recent Development
Table 101. DA Languages Company Details
Table 102. DA Languages Business Overview
Table 103. DA Languages Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 104. DA Languages Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. DA Languages Recent Development
Table 106. Absolute Company Details
Table 107. Absolute Business Overview
Table 108. Absolute Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 109. Absolute Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Absolute Recent Development
Table 111. LanguageLoop Company Details
Table 112. LanguageLoop Business Overview
Table 113. LanguageLoop Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 114. LanguageLoop Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 115. LanguageLoop Recent Development
Table 116. The Language Doctors (TLD) Company Details
Table 117. The Language Doctors (TLD) Business Overview
Table 118. The Language Doctors (TLD) Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 119. The Language Doctors (TLD) Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 120. The Language Doctors (TLD) Recent Development
Table 121. TransPerfect Company Details
Table 122. TransPerfect Business Overview
Table 123. TransPerfect Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 124. TransPerfect Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 125. TransPerfect Recent Development
Table 126. Universal Translation Services Company Details
Table 127. Universal Translation Services Business Overview
Table 128. Universal Translation Services Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 129. Universal Translation Services Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 130. Universal Translation Services Recent Development
Table 131. eTranslation Services Company Details
Table 132. eTranslation Services Business Overview
Table 133. eTranslation Services Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 134. eTranslation Services Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 135. eTranslation Services Recent Development
Table 136. Ezispeak Company Details
Table 137. Ezispeak Business Overview
Table 138. Ezispeak Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 139. Ezispeak Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 140. Ezispeak Recent Development
Table 141. Cintra Company Details
Table 142. Cintra Business Overview
Table 143. Cintra Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 144. Cintra Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 145. Cintra Recent Development
Table 146. MCIS Language Solutions Company Details
Table 147. MCIS Language Solutions Business Overview
Table 148. MCIS Language Solutions Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 149. MCIS Language Solutions Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 150. MCIS Language Solutions Recent Development
Table 151. K International Company Details
Table 152. K International Business Overview
Table 153. K International Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 154. K International Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 155. K International Recent Development
Table 156. LinguaOne Company Details
Table 157. LinguaOne Business Overview
Table 158. LinguaOne Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 159. LinguaOne Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 160. LinguaOne Recent Development
Table 161. Prestige Network Company Details
Table 162. Prestige Network Business Overview
Table 163. Prestige Network Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 164. Prestige Network Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 165. Prestige Network Recent Development
Table 166. Lighthouse Translations Company Details
Table 167. Lighthouse Translations Business Overview
Table 168. Lighthouse Translations Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 169. Lighthouse Translations Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 170. Lighthouse Translations Recent Development
Table 171. Indy Translations Company Details
Table 172. Indy Translations Business Overview
Table 173. Indy Translations Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 174. Indy Translations Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 175. Indy Translations Recent Development
Table 176. Language Insight Company Details
Table 177. Language Insight Business Overview
Table 178. Language Insight Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 179. Language Insight Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 180. Language Insight Recent Development
Table 181. Comtec TALK Company Details
Table 182. Comtec TALK Business Overview
Table 183. Comtec TALK Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 184. Comtec TALK Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 185. Comtec TALK Recent Development
Table 186. Ablio Company Details
Table 187. Ablio Business Overview
Table 188. Ablio Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 189. Ablio Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 190. Ablio Recent Development
Table 191. TraduPhone Company Details
Table 192. TraduPhone Business Overview
Table 193. TraduPhone Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 194. TraduPhone Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 195. TraduPhone Recent Development
Table 196. iTi Company Details
Table 197. iTi Business Overview
Table 198. iTi Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 199. iTi Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 200. iTi Recent Development
Table 201. Linguistic Systems Company Details
Table 202. Linguistic Systems Business Overview
Table 203. Linguistic Systems Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 204. Linguistic Systems Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 205. Linguistic Systems Recent Development
Table 206. BURG Translations Company Details
Table 207. BURG Translations Business Overview
Table 208. BURG Translations Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 209. BURG Translations Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 210. BURG Translations Recent Development
Table 211. Kwintessential Company Details
Table 212. Kwintessential Business Overview
Table 213. Kwintessential Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 214. Kwintessential Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 215. Kwintessential Recent Development
Table 216. ALTA Language Company Details
Table 217. ALTA Language Business Overview
Table 218. ALTA Language Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 219. ALTA Language Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 220. ALTA Language Recent Development
Table 221. Language People Company Details
Table 222. Language People Business Overview
Table 223. Language People Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 224. Language People Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 225. Language People Recent Development
Table 226. INTRAN Company Details
Table 227. INTRAN Business Overview
Table 228. INTRAN Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 229. INTRAN Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 230. INTRAN Recent Development
Table 231. Excel Interpreting Company Details
Table 232. Excel Interpreting Business Overview
Table 233. Excel Interpreting Telephone Interpreting Service Product
Table 234. Excel Interpreting Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 235. Excel Interpreting Recent Development
Table 236. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 237. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 238. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 239. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Telephone Interpreting Service Picture
Figure 2. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size Comparison by Type (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Immediate Phone Interpreting Features
Figure 5. Pre-booked Phone Interpreting Features
Figure 6. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size by Application (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Medical Case Studies
Figure 9. Education Case Studies
Figure 10. BFSI Case Studies
Figure 11. Law Enforcement Case Studies
Figure 12. Travel Case Studies
Figure 13. Other Case Studies
Figure 14. Telephone Interpreting Service Report Years Considered
Figure 15. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2020-2031
Figure 16. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 17. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Region: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 18. Global Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Players in 2024
Figure 19. Global Top Telephone Interpreting Service Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Telephone Interpreting Service as of 2024)
Figure 20. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Telephone Interpreting Service Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. North America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. North America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 23. United States Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Europe Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Europe Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Germany Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. France Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. U.K. Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Italy Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Russia Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Nordic Countries Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 35. China Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Southeast Asia Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. India Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Australia Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Latin America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Latin America Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 43. Mexico Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Brazil Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Middle East & Africa Telephone Interpreting Service Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 47. Turkey Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Saudi Arabia Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. UAE Telephone Interpreting Service Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. LinguaLinx Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 51. PoliLingua Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 52. LanguageLine Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 53. MultiLingual Solutions Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 54. DTS Language Services Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 55. DayInterpreting Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 56. Interpreters Unlimited Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 57. Global Voices Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 58. Alpha Omega Translations Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 59. TTG Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 60. Semantix Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 61. DA Languages Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 62. Absolute Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 63. LanguageLoop Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 64. The Language Doctors (TLD) Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 65. TransPerfect Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 66. Universal Translation Services Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 67. eTranslation Services Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 68. Ezispeak Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 69. Cintra Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 70. MCIS Language Solutions Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 71. K International Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 72. LinguaOne Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 73. Prestige Network Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 74. Lighthouse Translations Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 75. Indy Translations Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 76. Language Insight Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 77. Comtec TALK Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 78. Ablio Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 79. TraduPhone Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 80. iTi Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 81. Linguistic Systems Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 82. BURG Translations Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 83. Kwintessential Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 84. ALTA Language Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 85. Language People Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 86. INTRAN Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 87. Excel Interpreting Revenue Growth Rate in Telephone Interpreting Service Business (2020-2025)
Figure 88. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 89. Data Triangulation
Figure 90. Key Executives Interviewed